04 非谓语动词.docx
- 文档编号:17170985
- 上传时间:2023-07-22
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:37
- 大小:48.11KB
04 非谓语动词.docx
《04 非谓语动词.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《04 非谓语动词.docx(37页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
04非谓语动词
LectureIVNon-finiteVerbs
Warm-up
Thesesentencesbelowcontainerrorsintheuseofnon-finiteverbs.Pointoutandcorrectthem.
1.Beingtardy(迟缓)threedaysinsuccession,Iwaskeptafterschooltoday.
2.Makinghisdecision,Johnstucktoit.
3.Thechildrenweredisappointedbecausetheyhadhopedtohavegonewithus.
4.Heintendedtohavewrittentoallofus.
5.Listeningtothecommitteearguefortwohours,wefinallyleft.
6.Receivingafour-year,allexpense-laidscholarship,Dickdidnotworkduringthesummers.
7.Becomingillduringthemorning,Iwenthomeatnoon.
8.Themanenjoyedtoreadthemorningnewspaper.
9.Doesthelibrarianobjecttoourtakingthesemagazinestotheclassroom?
10.Workdonecarelesslymusttobedoneasecondtime.
Englishverbshavethreenon-finiteforms:
infinitive,-ingparticipleand–edparticiple.Finiteornot,bothhavethefollowingcommonfeatures:
1)followingobjectsneeded(transitivetofiniteverbs)
Heboughtahouse.Hewasconsideringbuyingahouse.Hewantedtobuyahouse.
2)modificationbyadverbials
Healwaysgetsupveryearly.Heisusedtogettingupearly.
3)changesoftense,aspectandvoice
Shehasfinishedherjob.Havingfinishedherwork,shewenthome.
Sheistreatedfairly.Sheinsistedonbeingtreatedfairly.
4)logicalsubjects
Mywifeoftenworkslate.Idislikemywife’sworkinglate.
Itwasahotday.Itbeingahotday,westayedhome.
However,non-finiteverbshavetheirowndistinctivefeatures:
1)functionlikeanoun
Yourdutyistolookafterthechildren.Complainingisnouse.
2)functionlikeanadjective
Thevaseisbroken.Heisanicepersontoworkwith.Wefoundthestoryamusing.
3)functionlikeanadverb
Theyareworkinghardtowinstillgreatervictory.Thesickmancamein,supportedbytwonurses.
1.Infinitive
1)Forms
Aninfinitiveisthebaseforeofaverb,withorwithoutto.Therefore,therearetwotypesofinfinitive:
to-infinitiveandbareinfinitive.Thebareinfinitiveisjusttheinfinitivewithoutto,whichisidenticalinformwiththebaseoftheverb.
(1)GrammaticalForms
Theinfinitivehasnotensedistinctions,norpersonornumbercontrast.Buttheycanbepassiveandtakethesimple,progressive,perfectiveandperfectiveprogressiveforms,forexample:
Toseeistobelieve.
Shehadnoneedtobeworrying.
HeissaidtohaveleftShanghai.
ThepresidentwasreportedtohavebeenflyingacrosstheAtlantic.
Anegativeinfinitiveisformedbyaddingnotorneverimmediatelybeforetheinfinitivesignto,forexample:
Wedecidednottobuythathouse.
Shewishednevertoseehimagain.
(2)To-infinitiveandbareinfinitive
Infinitivescommonlyoccurwithto,butinsomecontextsitisnecessarytousethebareinfinitive,andinsomeothercasestheinfinitivesignisoptional.Whatfollowsisasummingupofthesituationsinwhichthebareinfinitiveisused:
Thebareinfinitiveisgenerallyusedtofollowthemodalsincludingneedanddare,forexample:
Youmustdoasyouaretold.Whoshouldcomeinbutthemayorhimself!
Inthecaseofneed,itshouldbefollowedbyabareinfinitivewhenitactsasamodal,butbyato-infinitivewhenitisusedasamainverb,forexample:
Weneedn’tstayherethisevening.Doweneedtostayhere?
Inthecaseofdare,itisfollowedbyabareinfinitivewhenitisusedasamodal,buttheinfinitivesignisoptionalwhendarefunctionsasamainverb,forexample:
Shedaren’tgotherealone.
Doesshedare(to)gotherealone?
Thebareinfinitiveisusedtofollowsemi-auxiliaries,forexample:
You’dbetterhavethattoothpulledout.
Ihappenedtobeoutwhenhecalled.
Thebareinfinitiveisusedtocombinewithsuchmodalidiomsaswouldrather,wouldsooner,would(just)assoon,may/might(just)aswell,cannotbut,cannothelpbut,etc,forexample:
Iwouldratherstayathome.
Sinceit'safineday,wemightaswellwalk.
Likewise,thebareinfinitiveisalsousedtofollow“wouldratherthan”and“wouldassoon…as”,forexample:
Hewouldratherlistentoothersthantalkhimself.
I’djustassoongobytrainasdrive.
Ireallydon’twanttogothere.I’djustassonturnroundandgoback.
Thebareinfinitiveiscommonlyusedtofollowratherthanandsoonerthan,especiallywhenrather/soonerthantakestheinitialposition,forexample:
Ratherthancausetrouble,heleft.
Soonerthanmarrythatman,shewouldearnherlivingasawaitress.
Butwhenratherthantakesotherpositionsinthesentence,thefollowinginfinitivemaybewithorwithoutto,forexample:
Hedecidedtogofishingratherthanstayinthedormitory.
Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.
Thebareinfinitiveisoftencombinedwithamainverbtoformsomefixedcombinationssuchas:
makebelieve,makedo(with/on),letdrop,letfall,letfly(at),letslip,letgo(of),leavego(of),heartell(of),(let…)gohang,etc,forexample:
Hedidallthatjusttomakebelieve.
Wehadn’ttimeforluncheon,butwemadedowithsandwiches.
Don’tletgo(of)thehandle.
Heletfallahintofhisintentions.
Thebareinfinitiveusuallyappearsafter“causativeverb+object”,forexample:
Wecan’tletthisgoon.
Abbeymadehimstaytotea.
Hewon’thaveuscriticizehiswork.
Butwhenthecausativeverboccursinthepassive,thebareinfinitiveshouldbeturnedintoato-infinitive,forexample:
Jimmadehertellhimeverything.→Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.
Thebareinfinitiveusuallyoccursafter“senseverb+object”.Thesenseverbsincludesee,hear,observe,notice,feel,watch,lookatandlistento,forexample:
Ididn’thearyousaythat.
Wefeltthehouseshake.
Hedoesn’tlikelisteningtootherpeopletalk.
Butwhenthesenseverboccursinthepassive,itshouldbefollowedbyato-infinitive,forexample:
Theysawhimenterthebuilding.→Hewasseentoenterthebuilding.
Thebareinfinitiveisusedafter“haveknown+object”,forexample:
Haveyoueverknownhimtellalie?
Ihaveneverknownthatmansmile.
Thebareinfinitiveoftenappearsafterhelpor“help+object”,butto-infinitiveisalsopossible,forexample:
CanIhelp(to)liftthatbox?
I’llhelpyou(to)solvetheproblem.
Thebareinfinitiveusuallyappearsaftertheprepositionexcept/butwhenthereisaformofthemainverbdobeforethepreposition,whichisotherwisefollowedbyato-infinitive,forexample:
Theydidnothingbutwait.
There’snochoicebuttowait.
Likewise,insomeSVCconstructions,ifthesubjectcontainsaformofthemainverbdo,theinfinitiveinthecomplementationmaybewithorwithoutto,forexample:
TheonlythingIcandonowis(to)goonbymyself.
Thebareinfinitivealsoappearsafter“why/whynot…?
”,forexample:
Whyarguewithhim?
WhynotgiveMarysomeflowers?
Thebareinfinitivecanalsobeusedinthefollowingidiomaticexpressions:
Gopostaletterforme.
Comehaveachatwithme
Tryeatalittle.
I’lltryhelphim.
Thisuseofthebareinfinitiveisrestrictedtocombinationwiththesefewwords.
2)UseoftheInfinitiveSign
(1)Infinitivesignusedalone
Toavoidrepetition,theinfinitivesigncansometimesbeusedalone,thatistosay,thebaseintheto-infinitivecanbeomitted,sometimestogetherwithitscomplementation.Thiskindofomissionisquitecommonininformalstyle,forexample:
GeorgesaysthatheisgoingtoleaveShanghai,butIdon’tthinkhereallywantsto.
Youmaygoifyouwishto.
Ifthebaseoftheinfinitiveistheverbbeorhave,itshouldberetained,eventhoughitscomplementationisomitted,forexample:
A:
Aren’tyouthemanager?
B:
No,Idon’twanttobe.
A:
Hehasn’tfinishedyet.B:
Well,heoughttohave.
Insomecontexts,boththeto-infinitiveanditscomplementationcanbeomittedsothatnotraceremainsoftheinfinitive,forexample:
Youwillmakeitifyoutry(to).
I’dliketodoitnow,butIhaven’tgotthetime(to).
(2)EllipsisoftheInfinitiveSign
Whentwoto-infinitivesarecoordinatedbyandoror,thesendtoisusuallyomittedunlessthereisacontrastivemeaning,forexample:
Iintendtocallonhimanddiscussthisquestionagain.
Theinfinitivesigncannotbeomittedifthereisnocoordinatorbetweenthecoordinateinfinitives,forexample:
Pleasegototheseasidetoswim,togetsuntanned.
Norcananyinfinitivesignbeomittedifasentenceofinfinitivesoccurinaparallelconstruction,forexample:
Thestudentmustlearntoreadextensively,toanalyzewhathereadsandtosummarizethemainpointspresented.
(3)InfinitivetoorPrepositionto
ThewordtooftenpresentsaproblemforChinesestudents.Forinstance,in“objectto”and“beusedto”,isthewordtoaprepositionoraninfinitivesign?
Tosolvethisproblem,wemaytrytoputanounafterit.Ifanounoranounequivalentispossible,itprovestobeapreposition;otherwise,itisaninfinitivesign.Followingisasummaryofthecollocationsinwhichtheitemtoisapreposition,notaninfinitivesign:
Verb+prepositionto,forexample:
addto,agreeto,adhereto,admitto,alludeto,amountto,attendto,attestto,bowto,clingto,cometo,correspondto,confessto,consentto,contributeto,objectto,getto,pertainto,reactto,resortto,revertto,referto,relateto,submitto,stickto,taketo,witnessto,yieldto,etc.forexample:
Whenitcomestohelpinghiswifewiththehousework,Johnnevergrumbles.
Marytooktobeingoutfrequentlyintheevening.
Verb+noun/pronoun+prepositionto,forexample:
ascribe…to,apply…to,attr
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 04 非谓语动词 谓语 动词