lecture 2.docx
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lecture 2.docx
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lecture2
1).Historicalandculturalbackgrounds.
a.Renaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodemworld.Itwassparkedoffbyacombinationofhistoricalfactors,suchastherediscoveryofancientGreekandRomanclassics,thereligiousreformation,explorationsingeographyandscience,andtheeconomicexpansion.
b.Thegreat16th-centuryreligiousrevolutionresultedintheestablishmentoftheProtestantchurches.InEngland,thebreakwithRomecamefirstasaresultofadecisionbyKingHenryVIIItodivorcehisfirstwife.ThechangeinreligiousdoctrinecameafterwardinthereignsofKingEdwardVIandQueenElizabethI.
c.Thecontinuingdevelopmentoftrade,thegrowthofthemiddleclass,theeducationforlaypeople,thecentralizationofpowerandofmuchintellectuallifeinthecourt,andthewideninghorizonsofexplorationgaveanewimpetusanddirectiontoliterature.WilliamCaxtonfirstintroducedprintingintoEngland.ThenumberofpressesquicklyincreasedinEngland,andwiththemthenumberofprintedbooks.
d.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.ItsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheantiqueauthorsandisfrequentlytakenasthebeginningoftheRenaissanceonitsconscious,intellectualside.TheGreekandRomancivilizationwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Humanistsbelievedthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.Inaword,humanismsuggestsanyattitude,whichtendstoexaltthehumanelementorstresstheimportanceofhumaninterests,asopposedtothesupernatural,divineelements.
2).FeaturesofEnglishRenaissanceLiterature
a.Renaissancepoetry
Thetwogreatestinnovatorsofthenew,richstyleofRenaissancepoetrywereSirPhilipSidney,whofollowedwiththesestina(六节Stanza诗,由六节六行诗,加结尾的一节三行诗构成)andterzarima(三行一节的诗体,三行诗节隔句押韵法)andEdmundSpenser.Intheirlyricalandnarrativeworkstheydisplayedtheornate,somewhatflorid,highlyfiguredstyle.Twootherpoetictendenciesbecamevisibletowardtheendofthe16thcentury.ThefirstisexemplifiedbyJohnDonneandothermetaphysicalpoets;thesecondbestrepresentedbyBenJonsonandhisschool;AndMarlowegavenewvigortotheblankversewithhis"mightylines".ThelastgreatpoetoftheEnglishRenaissancewasthePuritanwriterJohnMilton,whosepoemsrevealastonishingpoeticpowerandgraceunderthecontrolofaprofoundmind.Thegoalsofhumanisticpoetryare:
skillfulhandlingofconventions,forceoflanguage,and,aboveall,thedevelopmentofarhetoricalplaninwhichmeter,rhyme,scheme,imageryandargumentshouldallbecombinedtoframetheemotionalthemeandthrowitintohighrelief.
b.Renaissancedrama
Generallyspeaking,theElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.Mostoftheplayswerewritteninanelaborateversestyleandundertheinfluenceofclassicalexamples.ChristopherMarlowebeganthetraditionofthechronicleplaysofthefataldeedsofkingsandmonarchs.Hisplaysareremarkableprimarilyfortheirdaringdepictionsofworld-shatteringcharactersthatstrivetogobeyondthenormalhumanlimitations.ElizabethandramareacheditstruefloweringinShakespeare'sworks.Shakespeare'scompassionateunderstandingofthehumanlothasperpetuatedhisgreatnessandmadehimtherepresentativefigureofEnglishliteratureforthewholeworld.
c.RenaissanceEssay
FrancisBacon,wasthefirstimportantEnglishessayist.HewasalsothefounderofmodemscienceinEngland.Hiswritingspavedthewayfortheuseofscientificmethod.Thus,heisundoubtedlyoneoftherepresentativesoftheEnglishRenaissance.
3).Majorwritersoftheperiod
I.EdmundSpenser(1552?
-1599)
a.Pointsofview
Religiously,Spenserwasaloverandcelebratorofphysicalbeauty,andhewassternlymoral.Inhisworks,heeffectivelyblendedclassicalliterarythemesandconventionswithChristianmoralismandrevealedhisstrongEnglishpatrioticfeelings.MiltonrecognizedSpenseras,likehimself,aChristianhumanistandBritishpoetprophet.Artistically,Spenserconsideredthepoet'sroleastheinspiredvoiceofGodrevealingexamplesofmorallyperfectactionsinanaestheticallyidealworld.Hisartisticviewisbestillustratedinhismasterpiece,TheFaerieQueene.Spenserhadastrongbackgroundintheclassics.AmonghispracticalEnglishantecedents,themostimportantwastheworksofChaucer.
b.Artisticfeatures
--SpenserhasglorifiedEnglandanditslanguagebyhislongallegoricalpoemTheFaerieQueene.
--ThemainqualitiesofSpenser'spoetry:
aperfectmelody;araresenseofbeauty;asplendidimagination;aloftymoralpurityandseriousness;andadedicatedidealism
--Spenserusesstrangeformsofspeechandobsoletewordsinordertoincreasetherusticeffect.
--TheFaerieQueeneiswritteninthestanzainventedbythepoethimself,theSpenserianstanza,i.e.,astanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameterandthelastlineiniambichexameter,rhymingababbcbcc.
--TheFaerieQueeneisanallegory,therearemanysymbolsinthebook.TheRedcrossKnightinBookIstandsforSt.George,thepatronsaintofEngland,symbolizingtheAnglicanChurch;healsorepresentsHoliness,oneofthe12privatevirtures;VirginUnastandsfortruthorthetruereligion;DragonandtheinfernalfiendstandforSatan.
AnExcerptfromTheFaerieQueene
1
一位温和的骑士策马平原上,
他身佩长矛,银盾,威风凛凛,
长矛银盾上还残留着旧伤的凹痕,
这是无数次战场上残酷厮杀的烙印,
而这些兵器对他却依旧崭新,
愤怒的骏马笼头抵地,
好像是桀骜不驯:
骑士看上去满心欢喜,
像是马上比武,迎战凶猛的对手。
AGentleKnightwasprickingontheplaine,
Yecladdinmightiearmesandsilvershielde,
Whereinolddintsofdeepewoundsdidremaine,
Thecruellmarkesofmanyabloudyfielde;
Yetarmestillthattimedidheneverwield:
Hisangrysteededidchidehisfomingbitt,
Asmuchdisdainingtothecurbetoyield:
Fulljollyknightheseemed,andfairedidsitt,
Asoneforknightlygiustsandfierceencountersfitt.
4
一位可爱的女郎紧随其旁,
骑着一头低矮的、白得胜雪的驴子,
而她则更加纯净洁白,同样
折叠的面纱下掩盖着一张纯洁的面孔,
黑色的披肩垂在身上,
像是内心非常悲痛:
她这样难过,
心情沉重地坐在驴背上缓缓而行,
好像内心隐藏着无限的忧伤,
旁边还牵着一头乳白色的羔羊。
AlovelyLadierodehimfairebeside,
UponalowlyAssemorewhitethensnow,
Yetshemuchwhiter,butthesamedidhide
Underavele,thatwimpledwasfulllow,
Andoverallablackestoleshedidthrow,
Asonethatinlymournd:
sowasshesad,
Andheaviesatuponherpalfreyslow:
Seemedinheartsomehiddencareshehad,
Andbyherinalineamilkewhitelambeshelad.
Thepoemiswritteninthestanzainventedbythepoethimself,theSpenserianstanza,i.e.,astanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameterandthelastlineiniambichexameter,rhymingababbcbcc.
Amoretti
Sonnet30
Myloveisliketoice,andItofire;
Howcomesitthenthatthishercoldsogreat.
Isnotdissolvedthroughmysohotdesire,
ButhardergrowsthemoreIherentreat!
Orhowcomesitthatmyexceedingheat
Isnotdelayedbyherheart-frozencold;
ButthatIburnmuchmoreinboilingsweat,
Andfeelmyflamesaugmentedmanifold!
Whatmoremiraculousthingmaybetold,
Thatfire,whichallthingsmelt,shouldhardenice;
Shouldkindlefirebywonderfuldevice!
Suchisthepowerofloveingentlemind,
Thatitcanalterallthecourseofkind.
Amoretti-sonnet34
Lykeasaship,thatthroughtheOceanwyde,
Byconductofsomestardothmakeherway;
Whenasastormehathdimmedhertrustyguide,
Outofhercoursedothwanderfarastray;
如同一只船驶在茫茫的海上
全凭一颗星星为它导航
一旦风暴把可靠的向导遮暗
它就会远离自己的航道飘荡
我的星星曾常用它的光亮
为我指路
现如今,却被乌云笼罩
我在深深的黑暗和苦闷中彷徨
饶过我周围重重险滩暗礁
但是我希望,经过这一场风暴
我的背斗呵,我那生命的北极星
会再次闪现,最终把我照耀
用它的光辉驱除我忧郁的阴云
在这之前,我忧心忡忡地徘徊
独个暗自悲伤,愁思满怀
SoI,whosestarthatwontwithherbrightray
Metodirect,withcloudsisovercast,
Doewandernow,indarknesseanddismay;
Throughhiddenperilsroundaboutmeplast
YethopeIwell,thatwhenthisstormispast
Myhelice,thelodesatarofmylyfe,
Willshineagain,andlookyonmeatlast,
Withlovelylighttoclearemycloudygrief
TillthenIwandercarefull,comfortless
Insecretsorrowandsadpensivenesse
Sonnet75
有一天,我把她的名字写在沙滩上
海浪来了,把那个名字冲跑;
我用手再一次把它写了一遍
潮水来了,又把我的辛苦吞掉
自负的人啊,她说,你这是徒劳
妄想使世间凡俗之事不朽
我本身就会这样烟消云散
我的名字同样会化为乌有
不,我说,让低贱的东西去筹谋
死亡之路,但你将靠美名而永活
我的诗将使你的美德长留
并把你光辉的名字写在天国
死亡可以征服整个世界
我们的爱将长存,生命永不灭
OnedayIwrotehernameuponthestrand,
Butcamethewavesandwasheditaway;
AgayneIwroteitwithasecondhand,
Butcamethetyde,andmademypayneshispray,
“Vayneman,”saydshe,“thatdoestinvaineassay,
Amortallthingsotoimmortalize,
ForImyselueshalllyketothisdecay,
Andeekmynamebewpedoutlykewize,”
“Notso,”quodI,“letbaserthingsdeuize,
Todyindust,butyoushalllieubyfame;
Myverseyourverturesrareshalleternize,
Andintheheavenswryteyourgloriousname.
Wherewhenasdeathshallalltheworldsubdew,
Ourloveshalllieu,andlaterliferenew.”
II.ChristopherMarlowe
a.Pointsofview
Marlowe'shumanisticidealofhumandignityandcapacityisembodiedbytheRenaissanceherohecreatedforEnglishdrama.Differentfromthetragicheroinmedievalplays,whoseeksthewaytoheaventhroughsalvationandGod'swill,heisagainstconventionalmoralityandcontrivestoobtainheavenonearththroughhisownefforts.Withtheendlessaspirationforpower,knowledge,andglory,theherointerpretsthetrueRenaissancespirit.
b.Majorworks
Tamburlaine(《帖木儿》)
ItisaplayaboutanambitiousandpitilessTartarconquerorinthe14thcenturywhorosefrom.ashepherdtoanoverpoweringking.Bydepictingagreatherowithhighambitionandsheerbrutalforceinconqueringoneenemyafteranother,Marl
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