专四语法重点.docx
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专四语法重点.docx
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专四语法重点
不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。
(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)结构引导目的状语,soasto不能置于句首。
如:
(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough…to,too…to结构做程度状语。
如:
Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.
ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.
(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾,表示不愉快的结果,有时用only加强语气。
常见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。
如:
Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.
(4)not/nevertoo…to,too…notto,but/onlytoo…to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义。
如:
Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再听到你的消息,我太高兴了。
下面是不定式做定语的用法:
(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定词时,该名词用不定式做定语。
如:
thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一个登上月球的女性。
(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。
如:
tendencytodo→tendtodo,decisiontodo→decidetodo
ThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。
如:
ambitiontodo“干……的雄心”→beambitioustodo“有雄心干……”
curiositytodo“对……的好奇心”→becurioustodo“对……好奇”
abilitytodo“做……的能力”→abletodo“有能力做……”
AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.
(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语,这些名词包括:
way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动),effort等。
如:
IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.
Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.
(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot习惯上用不定式做定语。
如:
Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.
下面是形容词和副词的用法介绍:
修饰词的词序
“限定词+形容词+名词”词组中限定词+形容词的排列顺序。
限定词+一般描述性形容词+表示大小、形状的形容词+表示年龄、新旧的形容词+表示颜色的形容词+表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词+表示物质材料的形容词+表示用途、类别的形容词或名词
Examples
Whenshegotherfirstmonthsalary,Dianaboughtherself___dress.
A.acotton,blueexpensive
B.ablue,expensivecotton
C.anexpensiveblue,cotton
D.acotton,expensiveblue
1.用连字号构成的形容词中的名词一般不用复数形式。
Athree-dayjourney=athreedays'journey
Atwo-hourmeeting=atwohours'meeting
2.Daily,weekly,yearly,monthly等一些以ly结尾的词即可以是形容词也可是副词。
Adailynewspaper
Gotovisitaplaceweekly
Yearlyproduction(annual)
Changeyearly
Atamonthlyinterval
Gotoseeadoctor/adentistmonthly
3.fast、long、well、enough等一些形容词本身也可以做副词用,不能再加ly。
Thetrainisfast.
Thetrainrunsfast.
Thereisenoughwater.
Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.
late,lately;hard,hardly
有些形容词加ly后意义不同,发生变化(late,lately;hard,hardly等)。
SorryIamlate.
Ihaven'tseenhimlately.
Itishardtopredictwhatwillhappeninthefuture.
Ifyouworkhard,chancesarethatyouwillachievesuccessinyourcareer.
Itishardlytoomuchtosaythatwebenefitfromdoingsomepart-timejobs.
表语形容词
有些形容词只能做表语。
(如表健康的ill、well和以前缀a开头的形容词alone,awake,aware,astir,ashore,asleep,alike,alive)
Areyouawarethatyouareheadingfordanger?
MymotherwasstillawakewhenIcameback.
Iamliabletofallasleepduringboringlectures.
过去分词用much修饰
过去分词充当的形容词用much修饰/与very+adj的区别。
Hewasmuchrespected.
Thestorywasveryfunny.
Iwasmuchexcited.
Itisveryinteresting.
too…to的含义
too...to表否定含义
Itwastoocoldforustogoshopping.
(=Itwassocoldthatwecouldn't...)
(all/only)too…to表示肯定意义
He'sonlytoopleasedtohelpus.非常愿意/高兴帮助我们。
Ishallbeonlytoohappytogowithyouthere.
下面介绍专四考试中形容词、副词的用法。
特殊形容词
1.有些形容词(表示形状)只有原级,不能用比较级和最高级形式(round、square)。
还有一些形容词本身就表示“最好,完美,独一无二,最理想的”等最高级意义,只有原级,不能用比较级和最高级形式(perfect,ideal,excellent,unique,favorite)。
少数的外来词本身就有比较的含义,不能再加er或more…than,一般用介词to引出比较对象。
Superior,inferior,junior,senior,prior
Thisismuchsuperiorinqualitytothepreviousone.
Sheisseniortomeinrank/inage.
Priortothemeeting,Iattendedalecture.
2.NoMore/lessVs.NotMore/less
Sheisnomoreintelligentthanheis.
她不比他聪明多少。
(两人都不太聪明)(两者都否定)
Sheisnotmoreintelligentthanheis.
她不如他更聪明。
(他比她更聪明)(肯定后者,否定前者)
3.muchtoo和toomuch的区别
——Muchtoo+adj./adv.
——Toomuch+noun.或用做代词
Thecoatismuchtooexpensive.
Itcausedtoomuchpain.
Ihavealreadyhadtoomuch.
4.同(原)级比较句型
(1)as+adj(adv)原级+as
(2)as+adj(原级)+a(an)+n+as
(3)no+比较级+than
(4)thesame…as
(5)notas(so)+原级+as
5.as+adj(adv)原级+as
Thisroomisasbigasthatone.
Heisastimidasarabbit.
Thecapinhisheadisasindispensabletohimashisnoseonhisface.
Theathleterunsasfastasahorse.
Thetraintravelsasfastasaplane.
6.no+比较级+than
HeisnomoreintelligentthanIam.
Impliedmeaning:
wetwoarenotveryclever.Wetwoarebothquitestupid.
(cf.HeisnotmoreintelligentthanIam.)
Impliedmeaning:
Iwasmoreintelligentthanheis.
HeislessintelligentthanIam.Iamquiteintelligentbutheisnot.
Thisfilmisnomoreinterestingthantheonewesawlastweek.
(cf.Thisfilmisnotmoreinterestingthantheonewesawlastweek.)
7.比较级的句型
(1)比较级+than
(2)使用带有比较含义的形容词+to(seniorto等)
(3)the+比较级,the+比较级(越…越…)
8.使用带有比较含义的形容词+to(seniorto等)
Superior,inferior,junior,senior,prior,previous,preferable等形容词本身已含有“比什麽更”的意义,不需要比较级more…than.
Humanbeingsaresuperiortootheranimalsinthattheycanmakeandusetoolsforvariouspurposes.
Fakegoodsareinferiortogenuinecommoditiesinbothqualityanddurability.
9.the+比较级,the+比较级
(越…越…)
Absolutesecrecyisessential.Consequently,thefewerwhoareawareoftheplan,thebetter.
Themore,thebetter.
Themorequickly,thebetter.
Themorehelearned,themoreeagerlyhewantedtolearn.
Chancesarethatthemoreyoupractice,themoreyouperfect.(themorepracticeyoumake,themoreskillfulyouare.)
下面为考生介绍专四语法中最高级的表示法。
最高级的表示法
1.句型
(1)the+最高级+in(of)
(2)比较级+than+anyother/alltheother
(3)Nothing(no+noun.)+is+so+形(副)原级+as
(4)Nothing(no+noun.)+is+形比较级+than
再没有比…更…
(5)as+adj+as+S.+canbe
(6)allthe+形副比较级+从句
1.the+最高级+in(of/among)
Byfar,sheisthemostambitiousgirlamongallthestudentsIhaveevertaught.
Tome,physicsisthemostdifficultsubjectinallthecoursesofferedinthecollege.
Asfarasmanypeopleareconcerned(asfarasoccupationsareconcerned),teachingisthemostnobleprofessionofall.
比较级+than+anyother/alltheother
Sheismoreintelligentthanalltheotherstudentsinherclass.
Heismoremischievousthananyotherboyintheneighborhood.
Themanismoreknowledgeablethanalltheothermeninhiscompany.
2.Nothing+is+形比较级+than
再没有比…更…
Nothingismoreenjoyablethangoingoutforawalkafterabigsupper.
Nothingismorevaluablethangoodhealth.
Nothinggivestheoldmanmorehappinessthanraisingbirds.
Nothingbenefitscollegestudentsmorethanconstantlytakingpartinsocialpracticetoadaptthemselvestothesociety(togainsomesocialexperience).
3.倍数表达法
(1)倍数+as+原级+as+被比对象(甲是乙的多少倍)
(2)倍数+比较级+than+被比对象(甲比乙….多少倍)
(3)倍数+the+表数量大小的名词+of+被比对象或that/thoseof
4.倍数+as+原级+as+被比对象
Theirnewhouseistwiceaslargeastheirpreviousone.
Theelectricalbicyclerunstwiceasfast/quicklyascommonbikes.
5.倍数+比较级+than+被比对象
Thefactoryproducesthreetimesmorecarsthantheotherone.
Thepassageistwicelongerthantheonewediscussedlastweek.
6.倍数+the+表数量大小的名词+of+被比对象或that/thoseof
Thesizeoftheapartmentisthreetimesthatofthehousetheyusedtolivein/inhabit.
Thenumberofstudentswhofailedinthefinalexamthistermistwicethatofthestudentslastterm.
Theroomsinthishotelaresixtimesthoseofthesmallinn.
7.enough的用法
Ihavehadenoughwater.
Ihavehadenough.
Itisenough.
Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.
Doyouhaveenoughmoneytobuythebook?
8.So,such
So+adj.+a+noun.
Such+a+adj.+noun.
Eg.Itissointerestingastory.
Itissuchaninterestingstory.
不可数名词只能用such修饰。
Suchfineweather
Sofineweather(X)
9.so、too和enough的区别
ThebookissointerestingthatIreadittwice.
Itistoohardformetounderstand.
Heistoooldtobeaqualifiedsoldier.
Thetextbookistooeasyforouruse.
AmIqualifiedenoughtodothejob?
Arethereenoughbooksavailable?
下面重点介绍专四英语里副词和形容词的用法。
副词的位置
频率副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never,ever,usually,rarely,occasionally,nosooner,hardly,scarcely等以及just,shortly等其他副词必须放在助动词、情态动词或be动词与实义动词之间。
在省略结构中,这些副词必须放在助动词、情态动词或be动词之前。
Examples
We___ourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.
A.justhavehadB.havejusthadC.justhadhadD.hadjusthad
SanFranciscoisusuallycoolinthesummer,butLosAngeles____.
A.israrelyB.rarelyisC.hardlyisD.isscarcely
程度副词的位置
程度副词的位置通常放在所修饰的词前面,如very,much,almost,hardly,nearly,awfully,fairly,rather等。
但enough必须放在所修饰词的后面。
HowIwishJohnrecognizedthefactthathe___inthewrong.
A.isalwaysnearlyB.alwaysisnearlyC.isnearlyalwaysD.nearlyisalways
频率副词的位置
频率副词如always,usually,never,ever,just,shortly,seldom,hardly,scarcely,nosooner,rarely,occasionally常放在助动词、情态动词、或be动词后或实义动词之前,但在省略结构中,必须置于助动词、情态动词或be动词之前。
SanFranciscoisusuallycoolinsummer,butLosAngeles____.(91.6)
A.israrelyB.hardlyisC.rarelyisD.isscarcely
评注性副词的位置
对全句进行修饰的评注性副词如actually,fortunately,surely,certainly,briefly通常放在句首,并用逗号隔开。
Not____,theprocessofchoosingnamesvarieswidely
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