阅读理解主旨大意学生版.docx
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阅读理解主旨大意学生版.docx
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阅读理解主旨大意学生版
2018届高三英语阅读理解
(主旨大意题)
阅读理解主要有以下几种题型:
主旨大意题、事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题
主旨大意题包括:
文章主旨、段落大意、文章标题
【文章主旨和段落大意题常见的设题方式】
题干中常含有mainidea,mainlyabout,sumup,summarise等词。
此类题的设题形式有:
1.Themainideaofthepassageisthat________.
2.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
3.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsumupthepassage?
4.Whichofthefollowingcansummarisethemainideaofthepassage?
5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?
6.Theauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthispassageisto________.
7.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.
8.WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph1?
9.Whatdoestheauthormostlywanttotellusinthelastparagraph?
【概括文章标题常见的设题方式】
题干中常有title,headline,beentitled等字眼。
此类题的设题方式有:
1.Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe________.
2.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?
3.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?
【主旨大意题解题策略】
阅读时,文章的开头、结尾(或段落的段首、段尾)特别重要,因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题。
有时候,文章(或段落)中没有明确的主题句,则需要我们根据所提供的信息归纳出文章(或段落)的主旨大意。
同时要注意提炼文章的关键词。
此外,标题类题目还要追求语言的生动和趣味性。
【主旨大意题应考技巧】
技巧1:
速读头尾,明确主题
技巧2:
定位中心句
技巧3:
无明显主题句时找高频词
技巧4:
同义概括,或取其一
【技巧1:
速读头尾,明确主题】
大多数文章的主旨可能出现在开头或结尾,于是头尾显得很重要。
因此,做主旨大意题时,我们可以先浏览一下头尾,试图抓住大意。
Passage1
Badnewssells.Ifitbleeds,itleads.Nonewsisgoodnews,andgoodnewsisnonews.Thosearetheclassicrulesfortheeveningbroadcastsandthemorningpapers.Butnowthatinformationisbeingspreadandmonitored(监控)indifferentways,researchersarediscoveringnewrules.Bytrackingpeople’se-mailsandonlineposts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.
“The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia,”saysJonahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania.“Theywantyoureyeballsanddon’tcarehowyou’refeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon’twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.”
Researchersanalyzingword-of-mouthcommunication-e-mails,Webpostsandreviews,face-to-faceconversations-foundthatittendedtobemorepositivethannegative(消极的),butthatdidn’tnecessarilymeanpeoplepreferredpositivenews.Waspositivenewssharedmoreoftensimplybecausepeopleexperiencedmoregoodthingsthanbadthings?
Totestforthatpossibility,Dr.Bergerlookedathowpeoplespreadaparticularsetofnewsstories:
thousandsofarticlesonTheNewYorkTimes’website.HeandaPenncolleagueanalyzedthe“moste-mailed”listforsixmonths.Oneofhisfirstfindingswasthatarticlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmorelikelytomakethelistthannon-sciencearticles.HefoundthatscienceamazedTimes’readersandmadethemwanttosharethispositivefeelingwithothers.
Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad.Theyneededtobearoused(激发)onewayortheother,andtheypreferredgoodnewstobad.Themorepositiveanarticle,themorelikelyitwastobeshared,asDr.Bergerexplainsinhisnewbook,“Contagious:
WhyThingsCatchOn.”
Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?
A.SadStoriesTravelFarandWide
B.OnlineNewsAttractsMorePeople
C.ReadingHabitsChangewiththeTimes
D.GoodNewsBeatsBadonSocialNetworks
【技巧2:
定位中心句】
主题句的位置往往由文章体裁所决定。
议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点,往往采用“总—分—总”的模式,第一段提出论点,然后是论据部分,最后一段得出结论(论点的重申),所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。
说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程,主题句一般在首段。
而新闻报道却是报道一个人物事迹或重大事件等,主题句常出现在首段首句。
记叙文一般没有明显的主题句,需要根据文中叙述的容和线索来概括文章大意,但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子,则这个句子很可能是主题句。
以下是寻找主题句的四个小窍门:
1.段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however,but,infact,actually等)时,该句很可能是主题句。
2.开头出现疑问句时,对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3.作者有意识地重复的观点,通常是主旨;反复出现的词语,一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等词。
Passage2
Awarmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthosewantingagoodnight’ssleep.Butnowastudyhasfounditreallydoeshelppeoplenodoff—ifitismilkedfromacowatnight.
Researchershavediscoveredthat“nightmilk”containsmoremelatonin(褪黑激素),whichhasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.
Thestudy,byresearchersfromSeoul,SouthKorea,involvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilkpowdermadefromcowsmilkedbothduringthedayandatnight.
Thosegivennightmilk,whichcontained10timestheamountofmelatonin,werelessactiveandlessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime,accordingtothestudypublishedinTheJournalofMedicinalFood.Nightmilkquickenedthestartofsleepandcausedthemicetosleeplonger.
Whiletheeffectofcowsmilkharvestedatdifferenttimehasnotbeentestedonhumansuptonow,takingmelatonindrugshasbeensuggestedtothosewhoarestrugglingtofallasleepatnight.
Previousstudieshavealsoindicatedthatmilkcanbeexcellentforhelpingsleepbecauseofthecalciumcontent,whichhelpspeopletorelax.
Milkisalsosugar-freeandadditive-freewithnutritionistsrecommendingskimmedmilkasthebestchoicebeforebedasitistheleastfattening.Themorefatyoutakeinbeforebedtime,thegreaterburdenyouwillputonyourbodyatnight.
Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?
A.NightMilkandSleep
B.Fat,SugarandHealth
C.AnExperimentonMice
D.MilkDrinkingandHealth
【技巧3:
无明显主题句时找高频词】
任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的,有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词,即高频词,也叫做主题词。
抓住了它,便容易抓住文章的中心。
Passage3
Sometimesyou’llhearpeoplesaythatyoucan’tloveothersuntilyouloveyourself.Sometimesyou’llhearpeoplesaythatyoucan’texpectsomeoneelsetoloveyouuntilyouloveyourself.Eitherway,you’vegottoloveyourselffirstandthiscanbetricky.Sureweallknowthatwe’retheappleofourparents’eyes,andthatourGrandmasthinkwe’regreattalentsandourUncleRobertsthinkthatwewillgototheOlympics,butsometimesit’salothardertothinksuchnicethoughtsaboutourselves.Ifyoufindthatbelievinginyourselfisachallenge,itistimeyoubuildapositiveself-imageandlearntoloveyourself.
Self-imageisyourownmind’spictureofyourself.Thisimageincludesthewayyoulook,thewayyouact,thewayyoutalkandthewayyouthink.Interestingly,ourself-imagesareoftenquitedifferentfromtheimagesothersholdaboutus.Unfortunately,mostoftheseimagesaremorenegativethantheyshouldbe.Thuschangingthewayyouthinkaboutyourselfisthekeytochangingyourself-imageandyourwholeworld.
Thebestwaytodefeatapassiveself-imageistostepbackanddecidetostressyoursuccesses.Thatis,makealistifyouneedto,butwritedownallofthegreatthingsyoudoeveryday.Don’tallowdoubtstooccurinit.
Itverywellmightbethatyouareexperiencinganegativeself-imagebecauseyoucan’tmovepastoneflaworweaknessthatyouseeaboutyourself.Well,rollupyoursleevesandmakeachangeofitasyourprimarytask.Ifyouthinkyou’resillybecauseyouaren’tgoodatmath,findatutor.Ifyouthinkyou’reweakbecauseyoucan’trunamile,gettothetrackandpractice.Ifyouthinkyou’redullbecauseyoudon’twearthelatesttrends,buyafewnewclothes.Butremember,justbecauseyouthinkitdoesn’tmeanit’strue.
Thebestwaytogetridofanegativeself-imageistorealizethatyourimageisfarfromobjective,andtoactivelyconvinceyourselfofyourpositivequalities.Changingthewayyouthinkandworkingonthoseyouneedtoimprovewillgoalongwaytowardspromotingapositiveself-image.Whenyoucanpat(拍)yourselfontheback,you’llknowyou’rewellonyourway.Goodluck!
Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
_______
A.Howtoprepareforyoursuccess.
B.Howtofacechallengesinyourlife.
C.Howtobuildapositiveselfimage.
D.Howtodevelopyourgoodqualities.
【技巧4:
同义概括,或取其一】
同(近)义转换表达是所有阅读考试的特点。
例如,试题中是handle,原文中可能是cope with;试题中是woman,原文可能是female。
充分把握这一规律,是答对阅读理解题的关键之一。
所以考生应多积累同义词汇、表达。
因此,跟主题句意思相同的选项,往往就是正确答案。
Passage4
Grownupsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedeversince.Amanwhohasnothadachancetogoswimmingforyearscanstillswimaswellaseverwhenhegetsbackinthewater.Hecangetonabicycleaftermanyyearsandstillrideaway.Hecanplaycatchandhitaballaswellashisson.Amotherwhohasnotthoughtaboutthewordsforyearscanteachherdaughterthepoemthatbegins“Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar”orrememberthestoryofCinderellaorGoldilocksandtheThreeBears....(下文略)
WhatisthemainideaofParagraph1?
A.Peoplerememberwellwhattheylearnedinchildhood.
B.Childrenhaveabettermemorythangrownups.
C.Poemreadingisagoodwaytolearnwords.
D.Storiesforchildrenareeasytoremember.
【主旨大意题正确选项的特征】
1.涵盖性强,覆盖全文或全段。
2.确定的围恰当,既不太大,也不太小。
3.精确性强,不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
【主旨大意题干扰选项的特征】
1.过于笼统。
所表达的容概括的围过大,超出或多于文章阐述的容。
2.以偏概全。
所表达的容只阐述了文章的一部分容,或以文章中的细节信息或个别字词作为选项的设置容,或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3.偷换概念。
所表达的容被命题者有意识地把本属于A的容放在B上,若不留神,极易选错答案。
4.无中生有。
无关信息,生搬硬套,文章中未提到,或找不到依据的信息。
虽然在文章中谈到,但选项容与文章容毫无联系。
【Practice】
Passage5
MyhusbandandIhadbeenmarriednearlytwenty-twoyearswhenIacquiredStevensJohnsonsyndrome,adisorderwheremyimmune(免疫的)systemrespondedtoavirusbyproducingpainfulblisters(水泡).Althoughmylong-termevaluationwasgood,I,whohadbeensofiercelyindependent,rapidlybecameabsolutelyhelpless.
Myhusband,Scott,steppeduptotheplate,takingcareofkidsandcookingdinners.Healsobecamemypersonalcaretaker,applyingthemedicinetoallofmyblistersbecausemyhandscouldn’tdothejob.Needlesstosay,Ihadnegativeemotions,bouncingfromembarrassmenttoshamecausedbytotalrelianceonsomeoneotherthanmyself.
Irecoveredfrom
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