Book Of LC.docx
- 文档编号:17469184
- 上传时间:2023-07-26
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:90
- 大小:266.13KB
Book Of LC.docx
《Book Of LC.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Book Of LC.docx(90页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
BookOfLC
TheChrom-EdChromatographySeriesby
Dr.R.P.W.Scott
1.PrinciplesandPracticeofChromatography
Introduction
TheDevelopmentProcess
ChromatographyNomenclature
FactorsControllingRetention
FactorsAffectingtheMagnitudeoftheDistributionCoefficient(K)
MolecularForcesandChromatographicSelectivity
TheControlofChromatographicallyAvailableStationaryPhase(Vs)
PeakDispersioninaChromatographicColumn
TheBasicColumnChromatograph
ThinLayerChromatography
ChromatographyApplications
References
2.GasChromatography
Introduction
TheModernGasChromatograph
GasSupplies
InjectionDevices
GCColumns
TheColumnOvenandTemperatureProgrammer
GCDetectors
DataAcquisitionandProcessing
QuantitativeAnalysis
PreparativeGasChromatography
Applications
References
3.LiquidChromatography
Introduction
TheBasicLiquidChromatograph
ColumnOvens
Detectors
TheUVDetector
TheElectricalConductivityDetectors.
TheFluorescenceDetector
TheRefractiveIndexDetector
TheTridetMultiFunctionalDetector
DataAcquisitionandProcessing
LiquidChromatographyStationaryPhases
MacroporousPolymers
LCMobilePhases
ChiralStationaryPhases
LiquidChromatographyApplications
References
4.GasChromatographyDetectors
Introduction
ClassificationofDetectors
DetectorSpecifications
TheFormofDetectorResponse
TheDynamicRangeoftheDetector
DetectorLinearity
DetectorResponse
DetectorNoise
DetectorSensitivityorMinimumDetectableConcentration
SystemDispersionandSensorDispersion
PeakDispersionfromtheOverallDetectorTimeConstant
PressureSensitivity
FlowSensitivity
TemperatureSensitivity
SummaryofDetectorCriteria
EarlyGasChromatographyDetectors
TheGeneralPropertiesofGCDetectors
TheKatharometerDetector
TheSimpleGasDensityBalance
TheFlameIonizationdetector
TheResponseMechanismoftheFID
TheOperationoftheFID
TheNitrogenPhosphorusDetector(NPD)
TheEmissivityorPhotometricDetector
IonizationDetectors
TheRadioactivityDetector
SomeLessCommonGCDetectors
ClosingNotes
References
5.LiquidChromatographyDetectors
Introduction
DetectorSpecifications
DispersioninDetectorSensors
LCDetectorsBasedonRefractiveIndexMeasurement
TheUVDetectors
TheFluorescenceDetector
TransportDetectors
TheEvaporativeLightScatteringDetector
LiquidLightScatteringDetectors
TheElectricalConductivityDetector
TheElectrochemicalDetector
References
6.PlateTheoryandExtensions
Introduction
ThePlateTheory
TheRetentionVolumeofaSolute
TheConditionsforChromatographicSeparation
TheCapacityRatioofaSolute
TheCompressibilityoftheMobilePhase
TheColumnDeadVolume
ChromatographicDeadVolumes
ExperimentalExaminationofDeadVolumeMeasurement
TheGaussianFormoftheElutionEquation
RetentionMeasurementsonCloseElutingPeaks
QuantitativeAnalysisfromRetentionMeasurements
ColumnEfficiency
ThePositionofthePointsofInflection
ResolvingPowerofaColumn
EffectivePlateNumber
TheSummationofVariances
TheMaximumSampleVolumethatCanBePlacedonaChromatographicColumn
VacancyChromatography
TemperatureChangesDuringthePassageofaSoluteThroughaTheoreticalPlateinGasChromatography
ThePeakCapacityofaChromatographicColumn
References
7.TheMechanismofChromatographicRetention
Introduction
ChromatographicInteractions
MixedPhases
TheAssociationofMethanolwithWater
Solvent/SoluteInteractionswithAdsorbentSurfaces
SoluteStationaryPhaseInteractions
RetentionandExclusion
ChiralChromatography
References
8.TheThermodynamicsofChromatography
ThermodynamicsBasics
TheAnalysisoftheStandardEnergyofDistribution
TheInteractiveEnergyDifferenceBetweenthatofaMethyleneGroupandthatofaMethylGroupwithanAlkaneStationaryPhase
TheThermodynamicAnalysisoftheDispersiveInteractionsthatCanTakePlacebetweenDifferentSolutesandHighMolecularWeigh
InteractionsBetweentheAtomsofHydrogen,Carbon,ChlorineandBromineandanExclusivelyDispersiveStationaryPhase
TheDistributionofStandardEnergyBetweenDifferentTypesofMolecularInteractions
OtherThermodynamicMethodsthatareUsedforStudyingChromatographicSystems
References
9.DispersioninChromatographyColumns
IntroductiontotheRateTheory
TheSummationofVariances
TheAlternativeAxesofaChromatogram
TheRandomWalkModel
DispersionProcessesthattakePlaceinanLCColumn
ResistancetoMassTransferDispersion
EffectofMobilePhaseCompressibilityOntheHETPEquationforaPackedGCColumn
TheVanDeemterEquation
AlternativeEquationsforPeakDispersion
TheGolayEquation
ExperimentalValidationoftheVanDeemterEquation
Summary
References
10.ExtraColumnDispersion
Introduction
SourcesofExtraColumnDispersion
DispersioninContemporaryLCColumns
DispersioninContemporaryGCColumns
MaximumPermissibleExtraColumnDispersion
GCCapillaryColumns
LCSampleValves
DispersioninTubularConduits
LowDispersionConnectingTubes
DispersioninUnionsandStainlessSteelFrits
DispersionintheDetectorSensorVolume
DispersioninDetectorSensorsDuetoNewtonianFlow
ApparentDispersionfromDetectorSensorVolume
DispersionDuetoDetectorElectronicsResponseTime
LowDispersionGradientElutionApparatus
RapidSeparationsEmployingGradientElution
ChromatographicApparatusforTraceAnalysis
TheDeterminationofTraceOrganicMaterialsinWater
TheUseforLowDispersionInstrumentationwithSmallBoreColumnstoObtainUltraHighEfficiencies.
SeparationsonSmallBoreColumns2mLong
References
11.PreparativeChromatography
Introduction
TheLoadingCapacityofaColumn
TheMaximumSampleVolume
SampleVolumeOverload
SampleMassOverload
PreparativeChromatographyApparatus
PackingPreparativeColumns
RecyclingDevelopment
AlternativePreparativeTechniques
RadialFlowChromatography
ThePreparativeSeparationoftheEnantiomersofChlorokynurenine
CriteriafortheSuccessfulOperationofPreparativeChromatographs.
References
PrinciplesandPracticeofChromatography
Introduction
Chromatography,althoughprimarilyaseparationtechnique,ismostlyemployedinchemicalanalysis.Nevertheless,toalimitedextent,itisalsousedforpreparativepurposes,particularlyfortheisolationofrelativelysmallamountsofmaterialsthathavecomparativelyhighintrinsicvalue.Chromatographyisprobablythemostpowerfulandversatiletechniqueavailabletothemodernanalyst.Inasinglestepprocessitcanseparateamixtureintoitsindividualcomponentsandsimultaneouslyprovideanquantitativeestimateofeachconstituent.Samplesmaybegaseous,liquidorsolidinnatureandcanrangeincomplexityfromasimpleblendoftwoentantiomerstoamulticomponentmixturecontainingwidelydifferingchemicalspecies.Furthermore,theanalysiscanbecarriedout,atoneextreme,onaverycostlyandcomplexinstrument,andattheother,onasimple,inexpensivethinlayerplate.
ThefirstscientisttorecognizechromatographyasanefficientmethodofseparationwastheRussianbotanistTswett
(1),whousedasimpleformofliquid-solidchromatographytoseparateanumberofplantpigments.Thecoloredbandsheproducedontheadsorbentbedevokedthetermchromatographyforthistypeofseparation(colorwriting).Althoughcolorhaslittletodowithmodernchromatography,thenamehaspersistedand,despiteitsirrelevance,isstillusedforallseparationtechniquesthatemploystheessentialrequisitesforachromatographicseparation,viz.amobilephaseandastationaryphase.
Thetechnique,asdescribedbyTswettwaslargelyignoredforaalongtimeanditwasnotuntilthelate1930sandearly1940sthatMartinandSynge
(2)introducedliquid-liquidchromatographybysupportingthestationaryphase,inthiscasewater,onsilicainapackedbedandusedittoseparatesomeacetylaminoacids.Intheirpaper,theyrecommendedreplacingtheliquidmobilephasebyasuitablegas,asthetransferofsamplebetweenthetwophaseswouldbefaster,andthusprovidemoreefficientseparations.Inthismanner,theconceptofgaschromatographywascreatedbutagain,littlenoticewastakenofthesuggestionanditwaslefttoMartinhimselfandA.T.Jamestobringtheconcepttopracticalrealitynearlyadecadelater.Inthesamepublicationin1941,theessentialrequirementsforHPLC(HighPerformanceLiquidChromatography)wereunambiguouslydefined,
"Thus,thesmallestHETP(thehighestefficiency)shouldbeobtainablebyusingverysmallparticlesandahighpressuredifferenceacrossthecolumn".
Despitehisrecommendations,however,itwasnearlyfourdecadesbeforethisconceptweretakenseriouslyandthepredictedhighefficiencyliquidchromatographycolumnsbecameareality.Bythemid1960sthedevelopmentofallaspectsofchromatographywerevirtuallycompleteandsincethen,despitetheplethoraofpublicationsthathaveappearedonthesubject,thevastmajorityhasdealtwithapplicationsofthetechniqueandonlyaminoritywithfundamentalaspectsofthesubjectandnovelinstrumentationconcepts.
Today,chromatographyisanextremelyversatiletechnique;itcanseparategases,andvolatilesubstancesbyGC,involatilechemicalsandmaterialsofextremelyhighmolecularweight(includingbiopolymers)byLCandifnecessaryveryinexpensivelybyTLC.Allthreetechniques,(GC),(LC)andTLChavecommonfeaturesthatclassifythemaschromatographysystems.
Chromatographyhasbeendefinedasfollows,
Chromatogra
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Book Of LC