雅思阅读模拟试题.docx
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雅思阅读模拟试题.docx
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雅思阅读模拟试题
雅思阅读模拟试题:
钱币
Intheearlieststagesofman’sdevelopmenthehadnomoreneedofmoneythananimalshave.Hewascontentwithverysimpleformsofshelter,madehisownroughtoolsandweaponsandcouldprovidefoodandclothingforhimselfandhisfamilyfromnaturalmaterialsaroundhim.Ashebecamemorecivilized,however,hebegantowantbettershelter,moreefficienttoolsandweapons,andmorecomfortableandmorelastingclothingthancouldbeprovidedbyhisownneighborhoodorbytheworkofhisownunskilledhands.Forthesethingshehadtoturntotheskilledpeoplesuchassmiths,leatherworkersorcarpenters.Itwasthenthatthequestionofpaymentarose. Atfirsthegotwhathewantedbyasimpleprocessofexchange.Thesmithwhohadnotthetimetolookafterlandorcattlewasgladtotakemeatorgrainfromthefarmerinexchangeforanaxeoraplough.Butasmoreandmoregoodswhichhadnofixedexchangevaluecameonthemarket,exchangebecametoocomplicatedtobesatisfactory.Anotherproblemarosewhenthosewhomadethingswantedtogetstocksofwoodorleather,oriron,buthadnothingtoofferinexchangeuntiltheirfinishedgoodswereready. Thusthedifficultiesofexchangeledbydegreestotheinventionofmoney.Insomecountrieseasilyhandledthingslikeseedsorshellsweregivenacertainvalueandthefarmer,insteadofpayingthesmithforanewaxebygivinghimsomemeatorgrain,gavehimsomanyshells.Ifthesmithhadanyshellsleftwhenhehadboughthisfood,hecouldgetstocksoftherawmaterialsofhistrade.Insomecountriesquitelargethingssuchascowsorcamelsorevenbigflatstoneswereusedfortrade.Later,piecesofmetal,bearingvaluesaccordingtotherarityofthemetalandthesizeofthepieces,orcoinswereused.Moneyasweknowithadarrived. 练习1Exchangeofgoodsbecamedifficultbecause_________. A:
manbecamemorecivilized B:
smithsbegantolookafterlandorcattleintheirsparetime C:
moreandmoregoodswhichhadnofixedexchangevaluescametothemarker Dfarmershadn’tenoughgrainormeattoprovideforskilledworkers 2Moneywasnotuseduntil_______. A:
paperwasinvented B:
peoplepracticedasimpleprocessofexchange C:
nothingcouldbeofferedinexchange D:
theexchangeofonethingforanotherbecametoocomplicated 3Thebesttitleforthispassageis_____. A:
Whatismoney B:
Whataremoney’sfunctions. C:
Theimportanceofmoney D:
Thebeginningofmoney
雅思阅读模拟试题:
Globalwarming
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below. Questions1-5 ReadingPassage1hassixparagraphsA-F. ChoosethemostsuitableheadingsforparagraphsB-Ffromthelistofheadingsbelow. Writetheappropriatenumbersi-viiiinboxes1-5onyouranswersheet. ListofHeadings iTheplaintiffs?
viewpointsonregulatingemission iiFederalgovernmentbeingtakentocourt iiiPossibleimpactofthecaseonotherlawsuits ivRegulatingairpollutionbytwelveStates vStanceoftheBushadministration viViewpointsofBillClintononregulation viiThecallforemissioncapsandreduction viiiUncertaintyinrulingbytheSupremeCourt ExampleAnswer ParagraphAii 1.ParagraphB_____ 2.ParagraphC_____ 3.ParagraphD_____ 4.ParagraphE_____ 5.ParagraphF_____ Greenstatestakethefederalgovernmenttocourt Nov30th2006 FromTheEconomistprintedition AWHENthesubjectisglobalwarming,thevillainisusuallyAmerica.Althoughitproducesaquarterofthegreenhousegasesthatareheatinguptheplanet,itrefusestoregulatethem.Whenothercountriesagreedonaninternationaltreatytodoso——heKyotoprotocol——Americafailedtoratifyit.ButnotallAmericanofficialdomishappywiththefederalgovernment'sstance.Infact,12statesdisagreesofiercelythattheyaresuingtoforceittocurbemissionsofcarbondioxide,themostcommongreenhousegas.TheSupremeCourtheardargumentinthecaseonNovember29th.Theoutcomewillnotbeknownformonths,butthepoliticalwindseemstobeshiftinginfavouroffirmeractiontocounterclimatechange. BTheCleanAirActchargestheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)withregulatingairpollutionfromvehicles.ButtheEPAarguesthatCongressdidnotintendtoincludeCO2underthatheading,andthattodosowouldextendtheEPA'sauthoritytoanunreasonableextent.Furthermore,itcontendsthatregulatingemissionswouldnotdogoodunlessallormostothercountriesdidthesame.ThatisinkeepingwiththepoliciesofPresidentGeorgeBush,whoopposesmandatorycurbsonemissionsandbelievesthatanyinternationalaccordonglobalwarmingshouldapplytoallcountries——unliketheKyotoprotocol,whichexemptspoorones,includingbigpolluterssuchasChinaandIndia.Tenstates,amongthemgas-guzzlingTexasandcar-makingMichigan,alsobacktheEPA. CTheplaintiffscomprise12states,threecities,variousNGOs,andAmericanSamoa,aPacificterritoryindangerofvanishingbeneaththerisingocean.Theyaresupportedbyafurthersixstates,twopowercompanies,askiresort,andassortedclergymen,IndiantribesandagitatedgrandeessuchasMadeleineAlbright,aformersecretaryofstate.TheypointoutthatundertheadministrationofBillClinton,theEPAdecidedthatitdidhavetheauthoritytoregulateCO2.Theact,theynote,saystheEPAshouldregulateanyairpollutantthat"mayreasonablybeinterpretedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare".Itgoesontodefinepublicwelfaretoinclude"effectsonsoils,water,crops,vegetation,manmadematerials,animals,wildlife,weather,visibility,andclimate". DTheSupremeCourtmaygiveamixedruling,decreeingthatcarbondioxideisindeedapollutant,butonetheEPAisfreetoignoreorregulateasitpleases.Oritmightdismissthecomplaintonthegroundsthattheplaintiffsdidnothavetherighttolodgeitinthefirstplace.Intheory,theymustprovethattheEPA'sfoot-dragginghascausedthemsomespecificharmthatregulationmightremedy——atallorderinafieldasfraughtwithuncertaintyasclimatology.Evenifthecourtfoundintheplaintiffs'favour,rapidchangeisunlikely.BythetimetheEPAhadimplementedsucharuling,Congresswouldprobablyhavesupersededitwithanewlaw. EThatisthepoint,environmentalgroupssay.TheywantCongresstopassalawtacklingglobalwarming,andhopethatafavourablecourtrulingwilljollythepoliticiansalong.Moreover,thecasehasabearingonseveralotherbitterly-contestedlawsuits.Carmakers,forexample,aretryingtogetthecourtstostrikedownaCalifornianstatelawbasedoncertainprovisionsoftheCleanAirActthatrequirethemtoreducetheirvehicles'CO2emissions.IftheSupremeCourtdecidesthattheactdoesnotapplytoCO2,thentheCalifornianlawwouldalsobeinjeopardy.That,inturn,wouldscupperthedecisionoftenotherstatestoadoptthesamestandard. FHowevertheSupremeCourtrules,manystategovernmentsaredeterminedtotackleclimatechange.Californiaisinthevanguard.Itslegislaturehaspassedalawthatwillcapandthenreduceindustrialemissionsofgreenhousegases.SeveneasternstateshaveformedtheRegionalGreenhouseGasInitiative,whichwilltreatemissionsfrompowerplantsthesameway.Almost400mayorshavesignedanagreementtocuttheircities'emissionsinlinewithKyoto.Manybusinesses,evensomepowercompanies,wouldratherseeregulationnowthanprolongeduncertainty.Andseveraloftheleadingcontendersfor2008'spresidentialelectionaremuchkeeneronemissionscapsthanMrBush.Changeisintheair.
雅思阅读模拟试题
★Howtoincreasesales
Publishedonline:
Nov9th2006
FromTheEconomistprintedition
Howshopscanexploitpeople'sherdmentalitytoincreasesales
1.ATRIPtothesupermarketmaynotseemlikeanexerciseinpsychologicalwarfare—butitis.Shopkeepersknowthatfillingastorewiththearomaoffreshlybakedbreadmakespeoplefeelhungryandpersuadesthemtobuymorefoodthantheyhadintended.Stockingthemostexpensiveproductsateyelevelmakesthemsellfasterthancheaperbutlessvisiblecompetitors.Nowresearchersareinvestigatinghow“swarmintelligence”(thatis,howants,beesoranysocialanimal,includinghumans,behaveinacrowd)canbeusedtoinfluencewhatpeoplebuy.
2.AtarecentconferenceonthesimulationofadaptivebehaviourinRome,Zeeshan-ul-hassanUsmani,acomputerscientistfromtheFloridaInstituteofTechnology,describedanewwaytoincreaseimpulsebuyingusingthisphenomenon.Supermarketsalreadyencourageshopperstobuythingstheydidnotrealisetheywanted:
forinstance,byplacingeverydayitemssuchasmilkandeggsatthebackofthestore,forcingshopperstowalkpastothertemptinggoodstoreachthem.MrUsmaniandRonaldoMenezes,alsooftheFloridaInstituteofTechnology,setouttoenhancethistendencytobuymorebyplayingontheherdinstinct.Theideaisthat,ifacertainproductisseentobepopular,shoppersarelikelytochooseittoo.Thechallengeistokeepcustomersinformedaboutwhatothersarebuying.
3.Entersmart-carttechnology.InMrUsmani'ssupermarketeveryproducthasaradiofrequencyidentificationtag,asortofbarcodethatusesradiowavestotransmitinformation,andeverytrolleyhasascannerthatreadsthisinformationandrelaysittoacentralcomputer.Asacustomerwalkspastashelfofgoods,ascreenontheshelftellshimhowmanypeoplecurrentlyintheshophavechosenthatparticularproduct.Ifthenumberishigh,heismorelikelytoselectittoo.
4.MrUsmani's“swarm-moves”modelappealstosupermarketsbecauseitincreasessaleswithouttheneedtogivepeoplediscounts.Anditgivesshoppersthesatisfactionofknowi
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