美国名人.docx
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美国名人.docx
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美国名人
Fromthewhitehouse
GeorgeWashington(1st)
OnApril30,1789,GeorgeWashington,standingonthebalconyofFederalHallonWallStreetinNewYork,tookhisoathofofficeasthefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStates."Asthefirstofeverything,inoursituationwillservetoestablishaPrecedent,"hewroteJamesMadison,"itisdevoutlywishedonmypart,thattheseprecedentsmaybefixedontrueprinciples."
Bornin1732intoaVirginiaplanterfamily,helearnedthemorals,manners,andbodyofknowledgerequisiteforan18thcenturyVirginiagentleman.
Hepursuedtwointertwinedinterests:
militaryartsandwesternexpansion.At16hehelpedsurveyShenandoahlandsforThomas,LordFairfax.Commissionedalieutenantcolonelin1754,hefoughtthefirstskirmishesofwhatgrewintotheFrenchandIndianWar.Thenextyear,asanaidetoGen.EdwardBraddock,heescapedinjuryalthoughfourbulletsrippedhiscoatandtwohorseswereshotfromunderhim.
From1759totheoutbreakoftheAmericanRevolution,WashingtonmanagedhislandsaroundMountVernonandservedintheVirginiaHouseofBurgesses.Marriedtoawidow,MarthaDandridgeCustis,hedevotedhimselftoabusyandhappylife.Butlikehisfellowplanters,WashingtonfelthimselfexploitedbyBritishmerchantsandhamperedbyBritishregulations.Asthequarrelwiththemothercountrygrewacute,hemoderatelybutfirmlyvoicedhisresistancetotherestrictions.
WhentheSecondContinentalCongressassembledinPhiladelphiainMay1775,Washington,oneoftheVirginiadelegates,waselectedCommanderinChiefoftheContinentalArmy.OnJuly3,1775,atCambridge,Massachusetts,hetookcommandofhisill-trainedtroopsandembarkeduponawarthatwastolastsixgruelingyears.
HerealizedearlythatthebeststrategywastoharasstheBritish.HereportedtoCongress,"weshouldonallOccasionsavoidageneralAction,orputanythingtotheRisque,unlesscompelledbyanecessity,intowhichweoughtnevertobedrawn."Ensuingbattlessawhimfallbackslowly,thenstrikeunexpectedly.Finallyin1781withtheaidofFrenchallies--heforcedthesurrenderofCornwallisatYorktown.
WashingtonlongedtoretiretohisfieldsatMountVernon.ButhesoonrealizedthattheNationunderitsArticlesofConfederationwasnotfunctioningwell,sohebecameaprimemoverinthestepsleadingtotheConstitutionalConventionatPhiladelphiain1787.WhenthenewConstitutionwasratified,theElectoralCollegeunanimouslyelectedWashingtonPresident
HedidnotinfringeuponthepolicymakingpowersthathefelttheConstitutiongaveCongress.ButthedeterminationofforeignpolicybecamepreponderantlyaPresidentialconcern.WhentheFrenchRevolutionledtoamajorwarbetweenFranceandEngland,WashingtonrefusedtoacceptentirelytherecommendationsofeitherhisSecretaryofStateThomasJefferson,whowaspro-French,orhisSecretaryoftheTreasuryAlexanderHamilton,whowaspro-British.Rather,heinsisteduponaneutralcourseuntiltheUnitedStatescouldgrowstronger.
Tohisdisappointment,twopartiesweredevelopingbytheendofhisfirstterm.Weariedofpolitics,feelingold,heretiredattheendofhissecond.InhisFarewellAddress,heurgedhiscountrymentoforswearexcessivepartyspiritandgeographicaldistinctions.Inforeignaffairs,hewarnedagainstlong-termalliances.
WashingtonenjoyedlessthanthreeyearsofretirementatMountVernon,forhediedofathroatinfectionDecember14,1799.FormonthstheNationmournedhim.
FormoreinformationaboutPresidentGeorgeWashington,pleasevisit
GeorgeWashington'sMountVernonEstateandGardens
U.S.Presidents:
UnitedinService
TakealookatpresidentialbiographiesmadebykidsandvideosaboutservicefromthePresident'sCouncilonServiceandCivicParticipation.
FirstPresident
1789-1797
Born:
February22,1732inWestmorelandCounty,Virginia
Died:
December14,1799inMountVernon,Virginia
MarriedtoMarthaDandridgeWashington
JohnAdams(2nd)
Learnedandthoughtful,JohnAdamswasmoreremarkableasapoliticalphilosopherthanasapolitician."Peopleandnationsareforgedinthefiresofadversity,"hesaid,doubtlessthinkingofhisownaswellastheAmericanexperience.
AdamswasbornintheMassachusettsBayColonyin1735.AHarvard-educatedlawyer,heearlybecameidentifiedwiththepatriotcause;adelegatetotheFirstandSecondContinentalCongresses,heledinthemovementforindependence.
DuringtheRevolutionaryWarheservedinFranceandHollandindiplomaticroles,andhelpednegotiatethetreatyofpeace.From1785to1788hewasministertotheCourtofSt.James's,returningtobeelectedVicePresidentunderGeorgeWashington.
Adams'twotermsasVicePresidentwerefrustratingexperiencesforamanofhisvigor,intellect,andvanity.HecomplainedtohiswifeAbigail,"Mycountryhasinitswisdomcontrivedformethemostinsignificantofficethatevertheinventionofmancontrivedorhisimaginationconceived."
WhenAdamsbecamePresident,thewarbetweentheFrenchandBritishwascausinggreatdifficultiesfortheUnitedStatesonthehighseasandintensepartisanshipamongcontendingfactionswithintheNation.
HisadministrationfocusedonFrance,wheretheDirectory,therulinggroup,hadrefusedtoreceivetheAmericanenvoyandhadsuspendedcommercialrelations.
AdamssentthreecommissionerstoFrance,butinthespringof1798wordarrivedthattheFrenchForeignMinisterTalleyrandandtheDirectoryhadrefusedtonegotiatewiththemunlesstheywouldfirstpayasubstantialbribe.AdamsreportedtheinsulttoCongress,andtheSenateprintedthecorrespondence,inwhichtheFrenchmenwerereferredtoonlyas"X,Y,andZ."
TheNationbrokeoutintowhatJeffersoncalled"theX.Y.Z.fever,"increasedinintensitybyAdams'sexhortations.ThepopulacecheereditselfhoarsewhereverthePresidentappeared.NeverhadtheFederalistsbeensopopular.
Congressappropriatedmoneytocompletethreenewfrigatesandtobuildadditionalships,andauthorizedtheraisingofaprovisionalarmy.ItalsopassedtheAlienandSeditionActs,intendedtofrightenforeignagentsoutofthecountryandtostifletheattacksofRepublicaneditors.
PresidentAdamsdidnotcallforadeclarationofwar,buthostilitiesbeganatsea.Atfirst,AmericanshippingwasalmostdefenselessagainstFrenchprivateers,butby1800armedmerchantmenandU.S.warshipswereclearingthesea-lanes.
Despiteseveralbrilliantnavalvictories,warfeversubsided.WordcametoAdamsthatFrancealsohadnostomachforwarandwouldreceiveanenvoywithrespect.Longnegotiationsendedthequasiwar.
SendingapeacemissiontoFrancebroughtthefullfuryoftheHamiltoniansagainstAdams.Inthecampaignof1800theRepublicanswereunitedandeffective,theFederalistsbadlydivided.Nevertheless,AdamspolledonlyafewlesselectoralvotesthanJefferson,whobecamePresident.
OnNovember1,1800,justbeforetheelection,AdamsarrivedinthenewCapitalCitytotakeuphisresidenceintheWhiteHouse.Onhissecondeveninginitsdamp,unfinishedrooms,hewrotehiswife,"BeforeIendmyletter,IprayHeaventobestowthebestofBlessingsonthisHouseandallthatshallhereafterinhabitit.MaynonebuthonestandwiseMeneverruleunderthisroof."
AdamsretiredtohisfarminQuincy.HerehepennedhiselaborateletterstoThomasJefferson.HereonJuly4,1826,hewhisperedhislastwords:
"ThomasJeffersonsurvives."ButJeffersonhaddiedatMonticelloafewhoursearlier.
U.S.Presidents:
UnitedinService
TakealookatpresidentialbiographiesmadebykidsandvideosaboutservicefromthePresident'sCouncilonServiceandCivicParticipation.
SecondPresident
1797-1801
Born:
October301735inBraintree,Norfolk,Massachusetts
Died:
July4,1826inBraintree,Norfolk,Massachusetts
MarriedtoAbigailSmithAdams
ThomasJefferson(3rd)
Inthethickofpartyconflictin1800,ThomasJeffersonwroteinaprivateletter,"IhaveswornuponthealtarofGodeternalhostilityagainsteveryformoftyrannyoverthemindofman."
Thispowerfuladvocateoflibertywasbornin1743inAlbemarleCounty,Virginia,inheritingfromhisfather,aplanterandsurveyor,some5,000acresofland,andfromhismother,aRandolph,highsocialstanding.HestudiedattheCollegeofWilliamandMary,thenreadlaw.In1772hemarriedMarthaWaylesSkelton,awidow,andtookhertoliveinhispartlyconstructedmountaintophome,Monticello.
Freckledandsandy-haired,rathertallandawkward,Jeffersonwaseloquentasacorrespondent,buthewasnopublicspeaker.IntheVirginiaHouseofBurgessesandtheContinentalCongress,hecontributedhispenratherthanhisvoicetothepatriotcause.Asthe"silentmember"oftheCongress,Jefferson,at33,draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.InyearsfollowinghelaboredtomakeitswordsarealityinVirginia.Mostnotably,hewroteabillestablishingreligiousfreedom,enactedin1786.
JeffersonsucceededBenjaminFranklinasministertoFrancein1785.HissympathyfortheFrenchRevolutionledhimintoconflictwithAlexanderHamiltonwhenJeffersonwasSecretaryofStateinPresidentWashington'sCabinet.Heresignedin1793.
Sharppoliticalconflictdeveloped,andtwoseparateparties,theFederalistsandtheDemocratic-Republicans,begantoform.JeffersongraduallyassumedleadershipoftheRepublicans,whosympathizedwiththerevolutionarycauseinFrance.AttackingFederalistpolicies,heopposedastrongcentralizedGovernmentandchampionedtherightsofstates.
AsareluctantcandidateforPresidentin1796,Jeffersoncamewithinthreevotesofelection.Throughaflawin
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