毕业设计英语论文翻译.docx
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毕业设计英语论文翻译.docx
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毕业设计英语论文翻译
LATHES
Thebasicmachinesthataredesignedprimarilytodoturning,facingandboringarecalledlathes.Verylittleturningisdoneonothertypesofmachinetools,andninecandoitwithequalfacility.Becauselathecandoboring,facing,drilling,andreaminginadditiontoturning,theirversatilitypermitsseveraloperationstobeperformedwithasinglesetupoftheworkpiece.Thisaccountsforthefactthatlathesofvarioustypesaremorewidelyusedinmanufacturingthananyothermachinetool.
Lathesinvariousformstwothousandyears.Modemlathesdatefromabout1797,whenHenryMaudsleydevelopedonewithaleadscrew.Itprovidedcontrolled,mechanicalfeedofthetool.ThisingeniousEnglishmanalsodevelopedachange-gearsystemthatcouldconnectthemotionsofthespindleandleadscrewandthusenablethreadstobecut.
LatheConstruction.TheessentialcomponentsofalathearedepictedintheblockdiagramofFig.15-1.Thesearethebed,andprovidesawhichalltheotherbasiccomponentsaremounted.Twosetsofparallel,longitudinalways,innerandouter,arecontainedonthebed,usuallyontheupperside.SomemakersuseaninvertedV-shapeforallfourways,whereasothersutilizeoneinvertedVandoneflatwayinoneorbothsets.Becauseseveralothercomponentsaremountedandormoveonthewaystheymustbemadewithprecisiontoassureaccuracyofalignment.Similarly,properprecautionshouldbetakeninoperatingalathetoassurethatthewaysarenotdamaged.Anyinaccuracyinthemusuallymeansthattheaccuracyoftheentirelatheisdestroyed.Thewaysonmostmodernlathesaresurface.
Theafixedpositionontheinnerwaysatoneendofthelathebed.Itprovidesapoweredmeansofrotatingtheworkatvariousspeeds.Itconsists,essentially,ofaaccuratebearings,andasetoftransmissiongears---similartoatrucktransmission---throughwhichthespindlecanberotatedatanumberofspeeds.Mostlathesprovidefromeighttoeighteenspeeds,usuallyinageometricratio,andonmodernlathesallthespeedscanbeobtainedmerelybymovingfromtwotofourlevers.Anincreasingtrendistoprovideacontinuouslyvariablespeedrangethroughelectricalormechanicaldrives.
Becausetheaccuracyofalatheisgreatlydependentonthespindle,itisofandmountedinbefedthroughit.Thesizeofthisimportantsizedimensionofalathebecauseitdeterminesthemaximumsizeofbarstockthatcanbemachinedwhenthematerialmustbefedthroughthespindle.
Theinnerendofthespindleprotrudesfromthegearboxandcontainsameansformountingvarioustypesofchucks,faceplates,anddogplatesonit.Whereassmalllathesoftenemployathreadedsectiontowhichthechucksarescrewed,mostlargelathesutilizeeithercam-lockorkey-drivetapernoses.Theseprovidealarge-diametertaperthatassurestheaccuratealignmentofthechuck,andamechanismthatpermitsthechuckorfaceplatetobelockedorunlockedinpositionwithoutthenecessityofelectricmotorthroughaV-beltorsilent-chaindrive.Mostmodernlathestheinnerwaysofthebedandcanslidelongitudinallythereon,withameansforclampingtheentireassemblyinanydesiredlocation.Anuppercastingfitsontheloweroneandcanbemovedtransverselyuponitonsometypeofkeyedways.Thistransversemotionpermitsaligningthetailstockanddiameter,thatcanbemovedseveralincheslongitudinallyinandoutoftheuppercastingbymeansofaendofthequillaMorsetaperinwhichalathecenter,orvarioustoolssuchasdrills,canbelength,usuallyisengravedontheoutsideofthequilltoaidincontrollingitsmotioninandoutoftheuppercasting.Alockingdevicepermitsclampingthequillinanydesiredposition.
Thecarriageassemblyprovidesthemeansformountingandmovingcuttingtools.ThecarriageisarelativelyflatH-shapedcastingthatrestsandmovesontheoutersetofwaysonthebed.Thetransversebarofthecarriagecontainswaysonwhichthecrossslideismountedandcanbemovedbymeansofafeedscrewthatiscontrolledbyasmallthedirectionnormaltotheaxisofrotationofthework.
Onmostlathesthetoolpostactuallyismountedonacompoundrest.Thisconsistsofabase,whichismountedonthecrossslidesothatitcanbepivotedaboutaverticalaxis,andanuppercasting.Theuppercastingismountedonwaysonthisbasesothatitcanbemovedbackandforthandcontrolledbymeansofashortleadscrewoperatedbyaforthecarriage,andpoweredmotionforthecrossslide,isprovidedbymechanismswithintheapron,attachedtothefrontofthecarriage.Manualmovementofthecarriagealongthebediseffectedbyturningathefrontoftheapron,whichisgearedtoapiniononthebackside.Thispinionengagesarackthatisattachedbeneaththeupperfrontedgeofthebedinaninvertedposition.
Toimpartpoweredmovementtothecarriageandcrossslide,arotatingfeedrodisprovided.Thefeedrod,whichcontainsakeywaythroughoutmostofitslength,passesthroughthetworeversingbevelpinionsandiskeyedtothem.Eitherpinioncanbebroughtintomeshwithamatingbevelgearbymeansofthereversingleveronthefrontoftheapronandthusprovide“forward”or“reverse”powertothecarriage.Suitableclutchesconnecteithertherackpinionorthecross-slidescrewtoprovidelongitudinalmotionofthecarriageortransversemotionofcrossslide.
Forcuttingthreads,asecondmeansoflongitudinaldriveisprovidedbyaleadscrew.Whereasmotionofthecarriagewhendrivenbythefeed-rodmechanismtakesplacethroughafrictionclutchinwhichslippageispossible,motionthroughtheleadscrewisbyadirect,mechanicalconnectionbetweentheapronandtheleadscrew.Thisisachievedbyasplitnut.Bymeansofaclampingleveronthefrontoftheapron,thesplitnutcanbeclosedaroundtheleadscrew.Withthesplitnutclosed,thecarriageismovedalongtheleadscrewbydirectdrivewithoutpossibilityofslippage.
Modernlathesfromthelathespindlebymeansofsuitablegearing.Theoutputendofthegearboxisconnectedtothefeedrodandleadscrew.Thus,throughthisgeartrain,leadingfromthespindletothequick-changegearbox,thencetotheleadscrewandfeedrod,andthentothecarriage,thecuttingtoolcanbemadetomoveaspecificdistance,eitherlongitudinallyortransversely,foreachrevolutionofthespindle.Atypicallatheprovides,throughthefeedrod,forty-eightfeedsrangingfrom0.002inchto0.118inchperrevolutionofthespindle,and,throughtheleadscrew,leadsforcuttingforty-eightdifferentthreadsfrom1.5to92perinch.Onsomeolderandsomecheaperlathes,oneortwogearsinthegeartrainbetweenthespindleandthechangegearboxmustbechangedinordertoobtainafullrangeofthreadsandfeeds.
CUTTINGTOOL
Shapeofcuttingtools,particularlytheangles,andtoolmaterialareveryimportantfactors.Thepurposeofthisunitistointroducethecuttingtoolgeometryandtoolmaterials.
CuttingToolGeometry
Anglesdeterminegreatlynotonlytoollifebutfinishqualityaswell.Generalprinciplesuponwhichcuttingtoolanglesarebaseddonotdependontheparticulartool.Basically,grindingwheelarebeingdesigned.Since,Fig.14-1,mightbeeasiesttovisualize,itsgeometryisdiscussed.
Toolfeaturesidentifiedbymanynames.Thetechnicalliteratureisfullofconfusingterminology.Thusintheattempttoclearupexistingdisorganizedconceptionsandnomenclature,theAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineerspublishedASAStandardB.whatfollowsisbasedonit.
Asingle-pointtoolisacuttingtoolFig.14-2areasfollows:
(1)Back-rakeangle,
(2)Side-rakeangle,(3)End-reliefangle(4)End-reliefangle(5)Side-reliefangle(6)End-cutting-edgeangle,(7)Side-cutting-edgeangle,(8)Noseangle,(9)Noseradius.
Toolangle1,onfrontview,istheback-rakeangle.Itistheanglebetweenthetoolfaceandalineparalleltothebaseoftheshankinalongitudinalplaneperpendiculartothetoolbase.Thenthisangleisdownwardfromfronttorearofthecuttingedge,therakeidpositive;whenupwardfromfronttoback,therakeisnegative.Thisangleismostsignificantinthemachiningprocess,becauseitdirectlyaffectsthecuttingforce,finish,andtoollife.
Theside-rakeangle,numbered2,measurestheslopeofthefaceinacrossplaneperpendiculartothetoolbase.It,also,isanimportantangle,becauseitdirectschipflowtothesideofthetoolpostandpermitsthetooltofeedmoreeasilyintothework.
Theend-reliefangleismeasuredbetweenalineperpendiculartothebaseandtheendflankimmediatelybelowtheendcuttingedge;itisnumbered3inthefigure.Itprovidesclearancebetweenworkandtoolsothatitscutsurfacecanflowbywithminimumrubbingagainstthetool.Tosavetime,aportionoftheendflankofthetoolmaysometimesbeleftunground,previouslyforgedtosize.Insuchcase,thisend-clearanceangle,numbered4,measuredtotheendflanksurfacebelowthegroundportion,wouldbelargerthanthereliefangle.
Oftentheendcuttingedgeisobliquetotheflank.Thereliefangleisthenbestmeasuredinaplanenormaltotheendcuttingedgeperpendiculartothebaseofthetool.Thisclearancepermitsthetooltoadvancemoresmoothlyintothework.
Theside-reliefangle,indicatedas5,ismeasuredbetweenthesideflank,justbelowthecuttingedge,andalinethroughthecuttingedgeperpendiculartothebaseofthetool.Thisclearancepermitsthetooltoadvancemoresmoothlyintothework.
Angle6istheend-cutting-edgeanglemeasuredbetweentheendcuttingedgeandalineperpendiculartothesideofthetoolshank.Thisangleprev
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