有机单词.docx
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有机单词.docx
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有机单词
A
absorbance.opticaldensity;extinction;decadicabsorbance.Ameasureoftheamountoflightabsorbedbyasample.
absorptionspectroscopy.
absorptionspectrum.
acetate.(CH3COO-,C2H3O2-)acetateion.
aceticacid(CH3COOH,HC2H3O2)ethanoicacid;vinegaracid;methanecarboxylicacid.
acidanhydride.
acid-baseindicator.Aweakacidthathasacidandbaseformswithsharplydifferentcolors.
aciddissociationconstant.(Ka)acidionizationconstant.Theequilibriumconstantforthedissociationofanacidintoahydrogenionandananion.
acidhalide.acidchloride;acylhalide;acylchloride.
acidicsolution.solutioninwhichthehydrogenionactivityishigherthanthatofthehydroxideion,whenthesolventiswater.
actinide.Elements89-102arecalledactinides.
activatedcharcoal.activatedcarbon;activecarbon.Aporousformofcarbonthatactsasapowerfuladsorbent,usedtodecolorizeliquids,recoversolvents,andremovetoxinsfromwaterandair.
activatedcomplex.transitionstate.Anintermediatestructureformedintheconversionofreactantstoproducts.
activationenergy.Theminimumenergyrequiredtoconvertreactantsintoproducts;
activesite.Apocketorcreviceonanenzymemoleculethatfitsreactantmoleculeslikeahandinaglove.
activitycoefficient.(
)theratioofactivitytoconcentration;
adiabat.adiabaticline.
adiabatic.adiabaticprocess;isentropicprocess.Aprocessthatneitherabsorbsnorreleasesenergyintothesurroundings.
adiabaticionizationenergy.Thelowestenergyrequiredtoremoveanelectronfromanatom,ion,ormoleculeinthegasphase.
additioncompound.complexcompound.Anadditioncompoundcontainstwoormoresimplercompoundsthatcanbepackedinadefiniteratiointoacrystal.
adhesion.(cohesion)Attractionbetweendifferentsubstancesoneithersideofaphaseboundary.
adsorbent.Asubstancethatcollectsmoleculesofanothersubstanceonitssurface.
adsorptionchromatography.Atechniqueforseparatingoranalyzingmixturesthatcontainatleastonecomponentthatispreferentiallyadsorbedbythestationaryphaseasitmovesoverit.
aeration.aerate.Preparationofasaturatedsolutionofairgasesbyeithersprayingthesolutioninairorbybubblingairthroughit.
alanine.Ala;alpha-aminopropionicacid.
alcohol.(ROH)Analcoholisanorganiccompoundwithacarbonboundtoahydroxylgroup.
aldehyde.(RCHO)Analdehydeisanorganiccompoundwithacarbonboundtoa-(C=O)-Hgroup.
aliphatic.Anorganiccompoundthatdoesnotcontainringstructures.
aliquot.Asampleofpreciselydeterminedamounttakenfromamaterial.
alkalimetal.(alkalineearthmetal)alkalimetalelement.TheGroup1elements,lithium(Li),sodium(Na),potassium(K),rubidium(Rb),cesium(Cs),andfrancium(Fr)reactwithcoldwaterforformstronglyalkalinehydroxidesolutions,andarereferredtoas"alkalimetals".
alkalineearth.Anoxideofanalkalineearthmetal,whichproducesanalkalinesolutioninreactionwithwater.
alkalineearthmetal.(alkalimetal)TheGroup2elements,beryllium(Be),magnesium(Mg),calcium(Ca),strontium(Sr),barium(Ba),andradium(Ra)formalkalineoxidesandhydroxidesandarecalled"alkalineearthmetals".
alkalinity.Ameasureofamaterial'sabilitytoneutralizeacids.
alkaloid.Aclassofbitter-tasting,basicorganiccompoundswithnitrogen-containingrings.
alkane.paraffin.AseriesoforganiccompoundswithgeneralformulaCnH2n+2.Alkanenamesendwith-ane.
alkene.Acompoundthatconsistsofonlycarbonandhydrogen,thatcontainsatleastonecarbon-carbondoublebond.Alkenenamesendwith-ene.
alkoxide.(RO-M+)alkoxideion.Anioniccompoundformedbyremovalofhydrogenionsfromthehydroxylgroupinanalcoholusingreactivemetals,e.g.sodium.
alkyl.(-CnH2n+1)alkylgroup.Amolecularfragmentderivedfromanalkanebydroppingahydrogenatomfromtheformula.
alkylhalide.Analkylgroupattachedtoahalogenatom.
alkyne.Acompoundthatconsistsofonlycarbonandhydrogen,thatcontainsatleastonecarbon-carbontriplebond.Alkynenamesendwith-yne.
allo-.Aprefixthatdesignatesthemorestableofapairofgeometricisomers.allo-issometimesusedlesspreciselytodesignateisomersorcloserelativesofacompound.
allomer.allomerism.Substanceswithdifferentchemicalcompositionbutthesamecrystallineform.
allyl.allylic;allylgroup;allylradical.Amolecularfragmentderivedbyremovingamethylhydrogenfrompropene(-CH2-CH2=CH2).
alphaparticle.
amalgam.Analloythatcontainsmercury.
amide.Anamideisanorganiccompoundthatcontainsacarbonylgroupboundtonitrogen:
.
amine.Anamineisanorganiccompoundthatcontainsanitrogenatomboundonlytocarbonandpossiblyhydrogenatoms.
aminoacid.Aminoacidsaremoleculesthatcontainatleastoneaminegroup(-NH2)andatleastonecarboxylicacidgroup(-COOH).
ammine.Ametalioncomplexcontainingammoniaasaligand.
ammonia.PureNH3isacolorlessgaswithasharp,characteristicodor.
ammoniumion.(NH4+)ammonium.NH4+isacationformedbyneutralizationofammonia,whichactsasaweakbase.
amphi-.Aprefixusedtonamecertainmembersofaseriesofgeometricisomersorstereoisomers.
amphiproticsolvent.Solventsthatexhibitbothacidicandbasicproperties;amphiproticsolventsundergoautoprotolysis.
amphoteric.ampholyte.Asubstancethatcanactaseitheranacidorabaseinareaction.
aproticsolvent.Asolventthatdoesnotactasanacidorasabase;aproticsolventsdon'tundergoautoprotolysis.
analysis.chemicalanalysis.Determinationofthecompositionofasample.
anhydrous.anhydrouscompound;anhydride.Comparewithhydrate.Acompoundwithallwaterremoved,especiallywaterofhydration.
anion.Ananionisanegativelychargedion.
anode.Theelectrodeatwhichoxidationoccursinacell.
antioxidant.Antioxidantsarecompoundsthatslowoxidationprocesses.
antiozonant.antiozidant.Substancesthatreverseorpreventsevereoxidationbyozone.
aquaregia.Amixtureofnitricandhydrochloricacids,usually1:
3or1:
4partsHNO3toHCl,usedtodissolvegold.
aqueous.(aq)aqueoussolution.Asubstancedissolvedinwater.
arene.Ahydrocarbonthatcontainsatleastonearomaticring.
arginine.(R,C6H14N4O2)Arg.Anessentialaminoacidandbuildingblockofproteins.
aromaticring.(Ar)Anexceptionallystableplanarringofatomswithresonancestructuresthatconsistofalternatingdoubleandsinglebonds,
aryl.(Ar)arylgroup.Amolecularfragmentorgroupattachedtoamoleculebyanatomthatisonanaromaticring.
asparagine.Asn.Anaturalaminoacidthatistheamideofasparticacid.
asparticacid.(D,HOOCCH2CH(NH2)COOH)Asp.Anonessentialaminoacidthatisabundantinmolasses.
atomicnucleus.nucleus;nuclei;atomicnuclei.Atiny,incrediblydensepositivelychargedmassattheheartoftheatom.
atomicnumber.(Z)Thenumberofprotonsinanatomicnucleus.Theatomicnumberandtheelementsymbolaretwoalternatewaystolabelanelement.Innuclidesymbols,theatomicnumberisaleadingsubscript;
atomicradius.metallicradius;covalentradius;atomicradii.Comparewithionicradius.Onehalfthedistancebetweennucleiofatomsofthesameelement,whentheatomsareboundbyasinglecovalentbondorareinametalliccrystal.
atomicweight.atomicmass.Theaveragemassofanatomofanelement,usuallyexpressedinatomicmassunits.
autoxidation.autooxidation;autoxidize;autoxidizing.Oxidationcausedbyexposuretoair.
axial.1.Anatom,bond,orlonepairthatisperpendiculartoequatorialatoms,bonds,andlonepairsinatrigonalbipyramidalmoleculargeometry.
azeotrope.azeotropicmixture;azeotropy.Asolutionthatdoesnotchangecompositionwhendistilled.
azo.azocompound;azogroup;azodye.TheazogrouphasthegeneralstructureAr-N=N-Ar',whereArandAr'indicatesubstitutedaromaticrings.
B
backtitration.indirecttitration.Determiningtheconcentrationofananalytebyreactingitwithaknownnumberofmolesofexcessreagent.
bandspectrum.bandspectra.Anemissionspectrumthatcontainsgroupsofsharppeaksthataresoclosetogetherthattheyarenotdistinguishableseparately,butonlyasa"band".
bar.Unitofpressure.1bar=105pascals=1.01325atmospheres.
basehydrolysisconstant.(Kb)baseionizationconstant;basichydrolysisconstant.
base.alkali;alkaline;basic.
beryllium.(Be)Be;glucinium.Element4,atomicweight9.0122,anextremelytoxicmetalusedasaneutronsourceandinphosphors.
betaparticle.
bidentate.Aligandthathastwo"teeth"oratomsthatcoordinatedirectlytothecentralatominacomplex.
binarycompound.Acompoundthatcontainstwodifferentelements.
bleach.Adilutesolutionofsodiumhypochloriteorcalciumhypochloritewhichkillsbacteriaanddestroyscoloredorganicmaterialsbyoxidizingthem.
boilingpoint.(bp)standardboilingpoint;normalboilingpoint.
bondenergy.Energychangepermolewhenabondisbrokeninthegasphaseforaparticularsubstance.
bondlength.Theaveragedistancebetweenthenucleioftwobondedatomsinastablemolecule.
boron.(B)B.Element5,atomicweight10.811.
buffer.pHbuffer;buffersolution.AsolutionthatcanmaintainitspHvaluewithlittlechangewhenacidsorbasesareaddedtoit.
buret.burette.Acylindricalglasstubeclosedbyastopcockononeendandopenontheother,withvolumegradationsmarkedonthebarrelofthetube,usedtopreciselydispenseameasuredamountofaliquid.
butanol.Analcoholcontainingfourcarbonatoms.
C
caffeine.(C8H10N4O2)methyltheobromine;guaranine;1,3,7-trimethylxanthine;1,3,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxopurine.
calorie.Theamountofheatrequiredtoraisethe
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