Octavian.docx
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Octavian.docx
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Octavian
Octavian
AGreatEmperorofRomanEmpire
Abstract
OctavianwhoplayedanindispensableroleinRomanhistorywasagreatpersonintheworld.Asthefirstemperor,heleadedRometoapeacefulandprosperoussocietybyputtingthecivilwartoanendandestablishingtheRomanEmpire.Learningabouthisexperiencesinhislifeandthesocialbackgroundinthatperiodcouldmakeuseasilyunderstandwhatagreatherohewas.Hewassoamazing.Howdidheachievetheseachievements?
WhatwastherelationshipbetweenhimandAugust?
Whatwashisattitudetowardsthelove?
Allofthesequestionsmademecurious.ByanalyzingOctavian,wecanknowmuchmorethingsaboutthehistoryandthecultureofRome.What'smore,weshouldlearnthestrengthofOctavianthatmayleadustosuccess.
Keywords:
Octavian,Emperor,Empire
Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………1
PartOneOctavian’sLifeExperiences…………………………………………2
§1.1TheFormationoftheSecondThreeTriumvirate……………..2
§1.2TheDivisionoftheSecondTriumvirate……………………………2
§1.3TheBeginningoftheRomanEmpire……………………….……….3
§1.4TheLoveStoryofOctavian……………………………………………………3
PartTwoOctavian’sAchievements………………………………….……..5
§2.1InMilitary…………………………………………………………………….…………5
§2.2InTerritory……………………………………………………….……………………5
§2.3InCulture..............................................................………5
§2.4InEconomy…………………………………………………………………….………6
§2.5InPolitics…………………………………………………………...............……6
PartThreeTheCommentsonOctavian……………………………………..7
§3.1HisStatues……………………………………………….…………………………….7
§3.2hisEvaluation………………………………………………………………………7
§3.3MyOpinion..........................................................…......7
Conclusion.....………………………………………………………………………………8
Notes…………………………………………………………………….…………………8
Reference………………………………………………………………………………..9
Introduction
OctavianwasborninRomanRepublic.Atthattime,thesocietywasveryturbulent.Theslavesfrequentlyrevoltedandtheconflictcausedbystrivingforpowerwithinrulingclasswasdeteriorating,whichcontributedtothetendencyofrepublicancollapse.Duringthattime,CaesarturnedupwhoformedanalliancewithPompeyandCrassus.Caesarbecamethedictatorin44BCafterheoccupiedtheGaulanddefeatedPompey.ButtherewerealotofpeoplewhostillsupportedthesystemofrepublicinSenate/Curia.TheyafraidCaesarsomedaywouldbeKingsotheymurderedhimin44BC.Sincethen,theRomancivilwarbrokeagain.However,OctavianshowedhispoliticaltalentafterCaesarandshapedtheRomanhistory.Inthepaper,partonemainlydescribesOctavian'sexperiences.Parttwotellsabouthispolicyafterendingthecivilwar.PartthreepresentswhateffectsdidhehasonRome.
PartOneOctavian'sLifeExperiences
§1.1TheFormationoftheSecondThreeTriumvirate
OctavianwasbornonSeptember23rd63BC,duringtheperiodofRomanRepublic.Hisfatherwhocamefromaknightfamilydiedin58BC.HismotherwasthenieceofCaesar.BeforeCaesarwasassassinated,headoptedOctavianasasuccessortohimandseparatedthreequarterslegaciestoOctavian.OctavianwastraininginacityfarfromRome,whenCaesarwasmurderedonMarch44BC.Afterhegotthenews,hecamebacktoRomeandfoundthatthepowerwascontrolledbytheleadersofrepublicansBrutusandCassius.However,AnthonywhowasunderthecommandofCaesarlookeddownuponOctavian.Becauseatthattime,Octavianwasonly19yearsold.ButquicklyOctavianorganizedanarmywithgoodequipmentsbythepropertyCaesarhadleftforhim.SoAnthonycouldn’tbelittleOctaviananymore.Therewasanotherpowerfulpersonwhowasthecommandingofficerofcavalries.Thesethreepeoplemadeanalliancecalledthesecondtriumviratetorestrictandexploitthepowerfortheirsamebenefitin43BC.Thentheydevotedtokillingtherepublicansinthesenate.Asaresult,300seniorstatesmenand3000knightswhoinvolvedinthemovementofkillingCaesarwerebeheaded.Besides,theirassetswereconfiscatedtoenlargethearmy.OctavianandAnthonychasedandwonBrutusandCassiusinMacedonia.Atlast,BrutusandCassiuscommittedsuicide.
§1.2TheDivisionoftheSecondTriumvirate.
Thetroikareachedanagreementtodividethenewdistrictwheretheycouldcontrolin40BC.Accordingtothetreaty,AnthonycontrolledtheeastlandofItalyandOctaviandominatedthewestlandofItaly.LepidusgovernedAfricaProvince.In36BC,OctavianwonPompey'ssoninawarandgrabbedthemilitarypowerfromLepidus.HoweverAnthonywenttoEgyptin42BC.HemarriedtheEgyptQueenandpromisedtogivetheterritoriesofeastItalythathecontrolledtotheQueenandherchildren.ButtheRomanstronglydidnotsatisfythesebehaviorsofAnthony.OctavianseizedtheopportunityanddeclaredAnthonyhadbecometheenemyofRome.In32BC,hefoughtwithAnthonyandhedefeatedAnthonywiththehelpofAgrippa1atthebattleofActium2.Asaresult,AnthonyandtheEgyptQueenkilledthemselves.InordertoavoidbeingdoubtedhewastheonlysuccessortoCaesar,hecruellykilledthesonoftheEgyptQueenandCaesar.Fromthenon,thecivilwarwasoverandtheRomegaineditspeaceagain.AfterOctavianwentbacktoRome,thecountrywasunderhiscontrol.
§1.3TheBeginningoftheRomanEmpire
InRome,peoplewouldnotliketoacceptthefactthattheywereruledbyatyrant.OctavianwassmartandhelearnedthelessonfromtheCaesar'sdeath.Insteadofproclaiminghimselfemperor,hedismissedthearmyandheldanelection.Asaresult,hewaselectedastribune3thatistheexecutiveofficertodefendpeople'sright.In29BC,hewashonoredasageneralissimo.In27BC,hewantedtoreturnthepowertothesenateanddrophisarmyoutofEgypt,whereasthesenaterefusedhisrequestandgavehimtherighttoruleSpainGaulandSyria.ThenanhonorablenameAugustswasconferredonhim.Thisnamemeanttheownerhadtherightbeyondhumanbeings.Sincethen,thePrincipatewhichonthesurfacewasdemocracy,butinfactitwasakindofdictatorshipwasestablished.ThiskindofpoliticalsystemrepresentedthestartofRomanEmpire.OctavianusedthetitlePrincepsallthetimetillhekickedthebucket.Duringhisfinalyears,Augustuswithdrewmoreandmorefrompubliclife.IntendingtotravelwithTiberiustoCapri,andthenontoBeneventum,HefellillonthewaytoCapri.Afterfourday'srestingonCapri,whentheycrossedbacktothemainland,Octavianatlastpassedaway.HediedatNolaon19AugustAD14,onlyonemonthawayofhis76thbirthday.ThebodywastakentoRomeandgivenastatelyfuneralandhisasheswerethenplacedinhisMausoleum.Afterhisdeath,thesenateregardedhimasagodandusedtheeighthmonthtohonorAugusts.SopeoplecalledtheeighthmonthAugust.
§1.4TheLoveStoryofOctavian
WhenOctavianwas24yearsold,hefellinlovewitha29yearsoldwomancalledLiviawhohadmarried.BecausetherelationshipwithPompey'ssonworsened,hedivorcedhiswifewhomarriedhimonaccountofpoliticalneed.
ThenOctaviannegotiatedwithLivia'shusband.FinallyLivia'shusbandagreedtoletLiviamarryOctavian.OnJanuary38BC,theyheldtheweedingwhichhadadifferencefromthetraditionalone.Livia'sex-husbandtooktheresponsibilitythatshouldbetakenbythebridesmaid.Aftermarriage,theyalsobrokethetraditionalprinciples.IntheuppersocietyofRome,ifawomanremarried,shewasnotallowedtobringherchildrenwhowereproducedbyherandherhusbandtohernewfamily.Onthecontrary,Octaviannotonlyacceptedherbutalsoregardedherchildrenashisownchildren.Inaddition,OctavianevennominatedhersecondsonTiberiusasthesuccessortohim.LiviakeptaccompanywithOctavianuntildeath.ThiswasthemostextraordinarymarriageinRomanhistory.
PartTwoOctavian’sAchievements
OctavianreformedthePraetorianGuard4andlawsonmarriageandadultery.HehadapowerofatribuneandwasProtifexMaximus5.HeextendedtheboundariesoftheRomeEmpirecausedthePaxRomand6andbuiltthecityofRome.
§2.1InMilitary
OctavianwasthefirstpersontobuildthefirststandingarmyincludingnavyinRome.Helocatedthearmyatterritorialboundariesincasetheydespoiledhispower.Besides,heestablishedPraetorianGuardtoprotectRomeandguardhimself.What'smore,heinitiatedthefirstfirebrigade.Inordertoincreasehispower,hereformedthearmy.Thereweresomemeasuresasfollows.Hestrengthenedprofessionalmilitaryandappliedasystemofmerienaries.Augustusreducedthehugearmiesofthecivilwartoaround300,000men,madeuphalfofRomancitizensservinginlegionsandhalfofprovincialsinauxiliaryunits.Thearmywasstationedinfrontierprovinces.Afteraround25yearsservicelegionariesreceivedalump-sumpensionfromamilitarytreasuryfedbytwospecialtaxes.Auxiliaries,onretirement,weregivenRomancitizenship.
§2.2InTerritory
TheawesomeempirethatAugustushadshapedwasimmense.Itsboundarieswere--theAtlanticonthewest;theEuphratesontheeast;theBlackSea,theDanube,andtheBritishChannelonthenorth;andthedesertsofAfricaandArabia,andthecataractsoftheNile,onthesouth.OnlytheGermantribesinthefarnorth,andtheParthianontheeast,remainedindependent.
§2.3InCulture
Octaviandevotedtoprotectingthedevelopmentofculture.Hehelpedpoets,artists,sculptorsandarchitects.Duringhisrulingperiod,itisthegoldenageofRomanliterature.Alotofgreatworksofliteratureandsomegreatpeopleemerged,suchasVirgil.
Hedecoratedthecapitalandamusedpeoplewithvariousformsofentertainment.Once,heproudlysaid:
"IfoundRomeacityofbricksandleftita
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