建筑环境与设备工程暖通毕业设计外文翻译.docx
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建筑环境与设备工程暖通毕业设计外文翻译.docx
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建筑环境与设备工程暖通毕业设计外文翻译
南京工程学院
NanjingInstituteOfTechnology
毕业设计英文资料翻译
TheTranslationOfTheEnglishMaterialOfGraduationDesign
学生姓名:
学号:
000000000
Name:
Number:
000000000
班级:
K暖通091
Class:
K-Nuantong091
所在学院:
康尼学院
College:
KangniCollege
专业:
建筑环境与设备工程
Profession:
BuildingEnvironmentandEquipmentEngineering
指导教师:
Tutor:
2013年02月25日
英文:
Thermalcomfortinthefuture-Excellenceandexpectation
P.OleFangerandJørnToftum
InternationalCentreforIndoorEnvironmentand
EnergyTechnicalUniversityofDenmark
Abstract
Thispaperpredictssometrendsforeseeninthenewcenturyasregardstheindoorenvironmentandthermalcomfort.Onetrenddiscussedisthesearchforexcellence,upgradingpresentstandardsthataimmerelyatan“acceptable”conditionwithasubstantialnumberofdissatisfied.Animportantelementinthisconnectionisindividualthermalcontrol.Asecondtrendistoacknowledgethatelevatedairtemperatureandhumidityhaveastrongnegativeimpactonperceivedairqualityandventilationrequirements.FuturethermalcomfortandIAQstandardsshouldincludetheserelationshipsasabasisfordesign.ThePMVmodelhasbeenvalidatedinthefieldinbuildingswithHVACsystemsthatweresituatedincold,temperateandwarmclimatesandwerestudiedduringbothsummerandwinter.Innon-air-conditionedbuildingsinwarmclimatesoccupantsmaysensethewarmthasbeinglessseverethanthePMVpredicts,duetolowexpectations.AnextensionofthePMVmodelthatincludesanexpectancyfactorisproposedforuseinnon-air-conditionedbuildingsinwarmclimates.TheextendedPMVmodelagreeswellwithfieldstudiesinnon-air-conditionedbuildingsofthreecontinents.
Keywords:
PMV,Thermalsensation,Individualcontrol,Airquality,Adaptation
ASearchforExcellence
Presentthermalcomfortstandards(CENISO7730,ASHRAE55)acknowledgethatthereareconsiderableindividualdifferencesbetweenpeople’sthermalsensationandtheirdiscomfortcausedbylocaleffects,i.e.byairmovement.Inacollectiveindoorclimate,thestandardsprescribeacompromisethatallowsforasignificantnumberofpeoplefeelingtoowarmortoocool.Theyalsoallowforairvelocitiesthatwillbefeltasadraughtbyasubstantialpercentageoftheoccupants.
Inthefuturethiswillinmanycasesbeconsideredasinsufficient.Therewillbeademandforsystemsthatallowallpersonsinaspacetofeelcomfortable.Theobviouswaytoachievethisistomovefromthecollectiveclimatetotheindividuallycontrolledlocalclimate.Inoffices,individualthermalcontrolofeachworkplacewillbecommon.Thesystemshouldallowforindividualcontrolofthegeneralthermalsensationwithoutcausinganydraughtorotherlocaldiscomfort.Asearchforexcellenceinvolvesprovidingallpersonsinaspacewiththemeanstofeelthermallycomfortablewithoutcompromise.
ThermalComfortandIAQ
Presentstandardstreatthermalcomfortandindoorairqualityseparately,indicatingthattheyareindependentofeachother.Recentresearchdocumentsthatthisisnottrue.Theairtemperatureandhumiditycombinedintheenthalpyhaveastrongimpactonperceivedairquality,andperceivedairqualitydeterminestherequiredventilationinventilationstandards.Researchhasshownthatdryandcoolairisperceivedasbeingfreshandpleasantwhilethesamecompositionofairatanelevatedtemperatureandhumidityisperceivedasstaleandstuffy.Duringinhalationitistheconvectiveandevaporativecoolingofthemucousmembraneinthenosethatisessentialforthefreshandpleasantsensation.Warmandhumidairisperceivedasbeingstaleandstuffyduetothelackofnasalcooling.Thismaybeinterpretedasalocalwarmdiscomfortinthenasalcavity.ThePMVmodelisthebasisforexistingthermalcomfortstandards.Itisquiteflexibleandallowsforthedeterminationofawiderangeofairtemperaturesandhumiditiesthatresultinthermalneutralityforthebodyasawhole.Buttheinhaledairwouldbeperceivedasbeingverydifferentwithinthiswiderangeofairtemperaturesandhumidities.Anexample:
lightclothingandanelevatedairvelocityorcooledceiling,anairtemperatureof28ºCandarelativehumidityof60%maygivePMV=0,buttheairqualitywouldbeperceivedasstaleandstuffy.Asimultaneousrequestforhighperceivedairqualitywouldrequireanairtemperatureof20-22ºCandamodestairhumidity.ModerateairtemperatureandhumiditydecreasealsoSBSsymptomsandtheventilationrequirement,thussavingenergyduringtheheatingseason.Andevenwithair-conditioningitmaybebeneficialandsaveenergyduringthecoolingseason.
PMVmodelandtheadaptivemodel
ThePMVmodelisbasedonextensiveAmericanandEuropeanexperimentsinvolvingoverathousandsubjectsexposedtowell-controlledenvironments.Thestudiesshowedthatthethermalsensationiscloselyrelatedtothethermalloadontheeffectormechanismsofthehumanthermoregulatorysystem.ThePMVmodelpredictsthethermalsensationasafunctionofactivity,clothingandthefourclassicalthermalenvironmentalparameters.Theadvantageofthisisthatitisaflexibletoolthatincludesallthemajorvariablesinfluencingthermalsensation.ItquantifiestheabsoluteandrelativeimpactofthesesixfactorsandcanthereforebeusedinindoorenvironmentswithwidelydifferingHVACsystemsaswellasfordifferentactivitiesanddifferentclothinghabits.ThePMVmodelhasbeenvalidatedinclimatechamberstudiesinAsiaaswellasinthefield,mostrecentlyinASHRAE’sworldwideresearchinbuildingswithHVACsystemsthatweresituatedincold,temperateandwarmclimatesandwerestudiedduringbothsummerandwinter.ThePMVisdevelopedforsteady-stateconditionsbutithasbeenshowntoapplywithgoodapproximationattherelativelyslowfluctuationsoftheenvironmentalparameterstypicallyoccurringindoors.Immediatelyafteranupwardstep-wisechangeoftemperature,thePMVmodelpredictswellthethermalsensation,whileittakesaround20minattemperaturedown-steps.
Fieldstudiesinwarmclimatesinbuildingswithoutair-conditioninghaveshown,however,thatthePMVmodelpredictsawarmerthermalsensationthantheoccupantsactuallyfeel.Forsuchnon-air-conditionedbuildingsanadaptivemodelhasbeenproposed.Thismodelisaregressionequationthatrelatestheneutraltemperatureindoorstothemonthlyaveragetemperatureoutdoors.Theonlyvariableisthustheaverageoutdoortemperature,whichatitshighestmayhaveanindirectimpactonthehumanheatbalance.Anobviousweaknessoftheadaptivemodelisthatitdoesnotincludehumanclothingoractivityorthefourclassicalthermalparametersthathaveawell-knownimpactonthehumanheatbalanceandthereforeonthethermalsensation.Althoughtheadaptivemodelpredictsthethermalsensationquitewellfornon-air-conditionedbuildingsofthe1900’slocatedinwarmpartsoftheworld,thequestionremainsastohowwellitwouldsuitbuildingsofnewtypesinthefuturewheretheoccupantshaveadifferentclothingbehaviourandadifferentactivitypattern.
WhythendoesthePMVmodelseemtooverestimatethesensationofwarmthinnon-air-conditionedbuildingsinwarmclimates?
Thereisgeneralagreementthatphysiologicalacclimatizationdoesnotplayarole.Onesuggestedexplanationisthatopenablewindowsinnaturallyventilatedbuildingsshouldprovideahigherlevelofpersonalcontrolthaninair-conditionedbuildings.Wedonotbelievethatthisistrueinwarmclimates.Althoughanopenablewindowsometimesmayprovidesomecontrolofairtemperatureandairmovement,thisappliesonlytothepersonswhoworkclosetoawindow.Whathappenstopersonsintheofficewhoworkfarawayfromthewindow?
Webelievethatinwarmclimatesair-conditioningwithproperthermostaticcontrolineachspaceprovidesabetterperceivedcontrolthanopenablewindows.
Anotherfactorsuggestedasanexplanationtothedifferenceistheexpectationsoftheoccupants.WethinkthisistherightfactortoexplainwhythePMVoverestimatesthethermalsensationofoccupantsinnon-air-conditionedbuildingsinwarmclimates.Theseoccupantsaretypicallypeoplewhohavebeenlivinginwarmenvironmentsindoorsandoutdoors,maybeeventhroughgenerations.Theymaybelievethatitistheir“destiny”toliveinenvironmentswheretheyfeelwarmerthanneutral.Thismaybeexpressedbyanexpectancyfactor,e.Thefactoremayvarybetween1and0.5.Itis1forair-conditionedbuildings.
Fornon-air-conditionedbuildings,theexpectancyfactorisassumedtodependonthedurationofthewarmweatherovertheyearandwhethersuchbuildingscanbecomparedwithmanyothersintheregionthatareair-conditioned.Iftheweatheriswarmallyearormostoftheyearandtherearenoorfewotherair-conditionedbuildings,emaybe0.5,whileitmaybe0.7iftherearemanyotherbuildingswithair-conditioning.Fornon-air-conditionedbuildingsinregionswheretheweatheriswarmonlyduringthesummerandnoorfewbuildingshaveair-conditioning,theexpectancyfactormaybe0.7to0.8,whileitmaybe0.8to0.9wheretherearemanyair-conditionedbuildings.Inregionswithonlybriefperiodsofwarmweatherduringthesummer,theexpectancyfactormaybe0.9to1.Table1proposesafirstroughestimationofrangesfortheexpectancyfactorcorrespondingtohigh,moderateandlowdegreesofexpectation.
Expectation
Classificationofbuildings
Expectancy
factor,e
High
Non-air-conditionedbuildingslocatedinregionswhereair-conditionedbuildingsarecommon.Warmperiodsoccurringbrieflyduringthesummerseason.
0.9-1.0
Moderate
Non-air
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