耶鲁大学公开课心理学导论英文字幕transcript16.docx
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耶鲁大学公开课心理学导论英文字幕transcript16.docx
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耶鲁大学公开课心理学导论英文字幕transcript16
IntroductiontoPsychology:
Lecture16Transcript
April9,2007
< ProfessorPaulBloom: Thisisgoingtobeginatwo-lecturesequenceonsocialpsychologyonhowwethinkaboutourselves,howwethinkaboutotherpeople,howwethinkaboutothergroupsofpeople.We'vetalkedalotaboutthecapacitiesofthehumanmindandsomeofthesecapacitiesinvolveadaptinganddealingwiththematerialworld.So,wehavetochoosefoods,wehavetonavigatearoundtheworld,wehavetorecognizeobjects,wehavetobeabletounderstandphysicalinteractions.Butprobablythemostinterestingaspectofourevolvedmindsisourcapacitytounderstandanddealwithotherpeople. Weareintenselyinterestedinhowotherpeoplework.Thestorythatwasadominantnewsstoryin2005wasthis.Andsomeofyou--this--forthoseofyouwhoaren'tseeingthescreen,istheseparationofJenniferAnistonandBradPitt.IrememberwhereIwaswhenIfirstheardaboutthis.[laughter]Andit'saninterestingsight.Justremember--steppingback.Aspsychologistswehavetoquestionthenatural.Wehavetotakethingsthatarecommonsenseandexplorethem.Andonethingwhichjusthappensis,we'refascinatedbythisstuff.We'refascinatedbythelivesofcelebrities.We'refascinatedbythesociallivesofotherpeople.Andit'saninterestingquestiontoaskwhy.AndthisisoneofthequestionswhichI'mgoingtodealwithinthenextcoupleoflecturesbutbeforeIgettothetheoryofsocialpsychologyIwanttotalkaboutanindividualdifference. So,wedevotedalectureearlyon--ofacoupleofweeksago,toindividualdifferencesacrosspeopleinintelligenceandpersonality.IwanttotalkalittlebitaboutanindividualdifferenceinoursocialnaturesandthenIwantpeopletodoatestthatwillexplorewhereyoustandonacontinuum.Thattestisthepieceofpaperyouhaveinfrontofyou.Anybodywhodoesn'thaveitpleaseraiseyourhandandoneoftheteachingfellowswillbringittoyou.Youdon'tknowwhattodoyetwithitsodon'tworry.ThetestwasdevelopedactuallybyMalcolmGladwellwhoisasciencewriter--inhiswonderfulbookTheTippingPoint.Andasheintroducesthetest,GladwellrecountsanotherexperimentdonebyStanleyMilgram,ofcoursefamousforhisobedienceworkbuthedidalotofinterestingthings. Andoneclassicstudyhedidwashegaveapackageto160peoplerandomlychoseninOmaha,Nebraskaandheaskedthesepeopletogetthepackagesomehow鈥�andthiswasmanyyearsagobeforetheinternet,beforee-mail鈥�togetthepackagetoastockbrokerwhoworkedinBostonbutlivedinSharon,Massachusetts.Whathefoundwasthatmostpeoplewereabletodoit.Nobody,ofcourse,knewthismanbuttheyknewpeoplewhomightknowpeoplewhowouldknowthisman.So,mostpeoplesucceeded.Mostpeoplewereabletogetthepackagestothismanandittookatmaximumsixdegreesofseparation,whichiswherethefamousphrasecomesaboutthatwe'reallseparatedfromanotherpersonbysixdegreesofseparation.Thisisnottrueingeneral.Thiswasavery--asingleexperimentdonewithintheUnitedStates,buttheideaisappealing,thatpeopleareconnectedtooneanotherviachainsofpeople. ButwhatMilgramfoundthatwasparticularlyinterestingwasthatinabouthalfofthecasesthesepackageswentthroughtwopeople.Thatis,ifyouplottherelationshipsbetweenpeople--Wecantakeeachpersoninthisroom,findeverybodyyouknowandwhoknowsyouanddrawaline,butifweweretodothisyouwouldn'tfindanevenmeshofwires.Rather,you'dfindthatsomepeopleareclusters.SomepeoplearewhatGladwellcalls"connectors."It'slikeairtraffic.Airtrafficusedtobeeverythingflewtoplaceslocaltoitbutnowthere'sasystemofhubs,ChicagoO'HareforinstanceorNewarkwhereplanesflythrough.Somepeoplearehubs.Somepeoplearethesortofpeoplewhoknowalotofpeople.Somepeopleinthisroommightbehubs,anditisnotimpossibletofindout. Thepieceofpaperyouhavehereis250nameschosenrandomlyfromaManhattanphonebook.Theycapturearangeofethnicities,differentpartsoftheworld,differentnationalorigins.Here'swhatI'dlikeyoutodo.AndI'llgiveaboutfiveminutesforthis.Gothroughthesenamesandcirclehowmanypeopleyouknow.Now,therulesofthisare,toknowsomebodyyouhaveto--theyhavetoknowyouback.So,ifit'sacelebrity--Well,here--oneofthenameshereisJohnson.Now,I'veheardofMagicJohnsonbutMagicJohnsonhasneverheardofme,soIcannotcircleit.Ontheotherhand,ourdepartmentchairisMarciaJohnson.Shehasheardofme,soIcouldcircleit.Gothroughandcircleit.Circleallthepeopleyouknowwhoknowyou.Thosearethepeopleyou'reconnectedto.Ifyouknowmorethanonepersonwiththesamelastname,circleittwice.Ifyoudon'thavethispieceofpaperandyouwanttoparticipate,pleaseraiseyourhandandoneoftheteachingfellowswillbringittoyou.I'mgoingtotalkalittlebitmoreaboutthiswhilepeoplegothroughthis. Theissueofconnectionsbetweenpeopleisintellectuallyinterestingformanyreasonsandmightallowustodevelopsomegeneralizationsabouthowpeopleinteract.ThegameofSixDegreesofSeparationhas,ofcourse,turnedintoafamousmovietriviathingrevolvingaroundtheactorKevinBacon,Ithinkchosenjustbecauseitrhymeswith"separation."Andthegameof"SixDegreesofKevinBacon"isplayedbytakinganyactorandcomputinghowmanystepsitwouldtaketogettoKevinBacon.Andsomecomputerscientistshavedevelopedthis.They'vegonethrougheachofthequartermillionactorsandactressesontheinternationalmoviedatabaseandcomputedtheir"Baconnumber."AndtheBaconnumberisthenumberofstepsittakesforthemtogettoKevinBacon.Soforinstance,EdAsnerwasinthemovieChangeof--;"JFK"withKevinBacon.So,EdAsnerhasaBaconnumberofone.ElvisPresleywasinthemovie"ChangeofHabit"withEdAsnerandthat'shisclosestconnectiontoKevinBacon.So,ElvisPresleyhasaBaconnumberoftwo. Itturnsoutthatifyoulookatthe2.5--sorry,thequartermillionpeopleonthemoviedatabaseandcomputetheirBaconnumber,theaverageBaconnumberis2.8.That'showmanystepsyouraveragepersonisawayfromKevinBacon.Youcouldthen,foranyactororactress,computethemostconnectedone.So,themostconnectedonewouldbetheoneforwhomthequartermillionare,onaverage,themostconnectedto.Andtheanswerofthemostconnectedactororactressisreasonablysurprising.Doesanybodywanttoguess? I'llstartyouoffwiththewronganswerandthis,bytheway,canbefoundonthiswebsite.It'snotJohnWayne.JohnWaynehasbeeninmanymovies,180movies,infact,oversixtyyears,butheisn'twellconnectedatallbecausemostlyhewasinwesternssowesawthesamepeopleoverandoveragain.MerylStreepalsoisn'titbecauseMerylStreephasthemisfortuneofplayingonlyingoodmovies.[laughter]So,shehasnoconnectionwithpeoplelikeAdamSandlerandJohn-ClaudeVanDamme.[laughter]Guess.Anyguesses? Student: ChristopherWalken Student: NicholasCage ProfessorPaulBloom: ChristopherWalkenisagoodone.Wecouldlookitup.Ionlyknowafewnameshere.ChristopherWalkenisnotafinalist.NicolasCageisaninterestingcase.HasNicolasCagebeeningoodmovies? Idon'twanttoget--I'mgoingtogetmorecontroversialthanIwantto. Student: Aguywhoisonestepaboveanextra.He'slikeaB-listactoratbest. ProfessorPaulBloom: Pardonme? Themostconnectedguy? Themostconnectedguy,andIthinkthisshowsthatyou'reright,isRodSteiger.He'sthemostconnectedactorinthehistoryofactingbecauseitisn'tthathe'sbeeninmoremoviesthaneverybodyelse.MichaelCainehasprobablybeeninthemostmoviesofanypersononearth,buthe's[RodSteiger]beeninallsortsofmovies.Hewasin"OntheWaterfront,""IntheHeatoftheNight,"andreallybadmovieslike"Carpool."He'sbeenindramasandcrimeserials,thrillers,westerns,horrormovies,sciencefiction,musicals.Now,somepeoplearelikeRodSteiger.So,somepeopleintheirday-to-dayliveshavemanyinteractionsandIthinkoneofthethingsweknowfrominteractingwithpeopleiswecandistinguishthemfromotherpeople. Howmanypeoplehavefinishedtheirthingsrightnow? Okay.IknowonepersoninthedepartmentwhoisoneofthemostconnectedpeopleIknowonearth.IfIwanted--IfIreallyhadtotalktoRumsfeld,I'dgotothispersonandsay,"CanyougetmeintouchwithRumsfeld? "IfIwantedtogetsomebodywhacked,I'daskthisguy.[laughter]ThenIknowsomeoneelseinthedepartmentand,asbestIknow,I'mtheonlypersonsheknows.[laughter] So,howmanypeoplescoresbelowtenonthis? Howmanybetweentenandtwenty? Betweentwentyandthirty? Thirtyandforty? Betweenfortyandfifty? Fiftyandsixty? Howmanypeoplescoredabovesixty? Anybodyabovesixty? Gladwellhasdonethisinalotofplaces.Theaverageistwenty-oneamongacollegecrowd.Somepeoplescoreashighasover100.Theolderyouare,themore--thehigheryoutendtoscore,maybeobviously,not--thelongeryou'vebeeninthecountrythehigheryoutendtoscore.Journaliststendtoscorereasonablyhigh,academicsnotsohigh,and--butwhatGladwellpointsoutissomepeoplehavethegift.Somepeoplearemoresocialthanothersandthisconnectsinallsortsofinterestingways. Theissueofconnectionhassocialfactorsandit'soneanswerthatsociologistsgiveforwhyit'sgoodtogotoYale.So,oneansweris,well,becauseofthegreatintellectualbenefits.Putthataside.Let'sbemorecynicalhere.Anotheransweristhatyoudeveloppowerfulf
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