专题05 生态环保类真题训练备战高考英语阅读理.docx
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专题05 生态环保类真题训练备战高考英语阅读理.docx
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专题05生态环保类真题训练备战高考英语阅读理
专题05生态环保类
真题训练
Passage1(2017·新课标卷III)
Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.
GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.
Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(来源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.
Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.
Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolvers.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.
28.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.
B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.
C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.
D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.
29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"displaced"inparagraph2mean?
A.Tested.B.Separated.
C.Forcedout.D.Trackeddown.
30.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?
A.Damagetolocalecology.B.Adeclineinthepark’sincome.
C.Preservationofvegetation.D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.
31.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?
A.Doubtful.B.Positive.
C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.
【话题解读】本文是一篇有关生态平衡的说明文,介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。
人类活动的影响使灰狼的数量逐渐减少,鹿群数量逐渐增加,从而导致植被被大量破坏。
28.D【解析】主旨大意题。
文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措,然后在下文中详细介绍其原因以及带来的良好的转机,由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园对灰狼的引进。
30.A【解析】推理判断题。
根据第三段的内容可知,灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多,从而植被遭到了破坏;造成了土狼数量的快速增长,它们猎杀了大量的赤狐,赶走了海狸,由此可推断出灰狼的消失导致了当地生态平衡被破坏。
31.B【解析】推理判断题。
根据文章末段的最后一句可知,作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验,因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。
Passage2(2017·江苏卷)
OldProblem,NewApproaches
Whilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarmingwillcontinueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissions(排放)peak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.
Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard,buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.Thisiswhy,inpartatleast,theUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat:
"Thereisno‘one-sizefitsall’adaptation."Nevertheless,therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.
Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways,especiallyinsomepoorcountries.FloodshavebecomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawonlydisaster.Hisnot-for-profitorganizationruns100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries,schools,andhealthclinics,andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothercommunicatingfacilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity(连体)toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel:
hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomakefloatinggardensandfishpondspreventstarvationduringthewetseason.
ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphellivesinamountainousregioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers(冰川)thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture.Withouttheglaciers,waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhenitcandamagecrops.Norphel’sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectlytimedirrigation(灌溉)water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves,Norphelcalculatesthathehasstoredabout200,000m3ofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess,soNorphel’sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warmingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill,perhaps,beabletofindothermeansofadapting.
IncreasingEarth’sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseofgreenhouses(whichreflectlightbacktospace)haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally,andactuallycooledtheregion.WhileSpainasawholeisheatingupquickly,temperaturesnearthegreenhouseshavedecreased.Thisexampleshouldactasaninspirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite,citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.
InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechangehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice.Theoutcomeisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitsof"100ideastosavetheplanet".
Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.AfriendofmineownsanareaoflandinwesternVictoria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeentoowetforcropping.Butduringthepastdecadedecliningrainfallhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinmanycountriesarealsoadaptinglikethis—eitherbygrowingnewproduce,orbygrowingthesamethingsdifferently.Thisiscommonsense.Butsomesuggestionsforadaptingarenot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe’velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it’sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.
Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadapttothechangingclimateinbothordinaryandastonishingways.Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall,ifweadaptinthatway,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.
65.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies____________.
A.adaptationisanever-changingprocess
B.thecostofadaptationvarieswithtime
C.globalwarmingaffectsadaptationforms
D.adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging
66.WhatisspecialwithregardtoRezwan’sproject?
A.Theprojectreceivesgovernmentsupport.
B.Differentorganizationsworkwitheachother.
C.Hisorganizationmakesthebestofabadsituation.
D.Theprojectconnectsfloodedroadsandhighways.
67.WhatdidtheIceMandotoreducetheeffectofglobalwarming?
A.Storingiceforfutureuse.
B.Protectingtheglaciersfrommelting.
C.Changingtheirrigationtime.
D.Postponingthemeltingoftheglaciers.
68.WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?
A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.
B.Theglobalwarmingtreadcannotbestopped.
C.Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.
D.Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.
69.Accordingtotheauthor,pollutingindustriesshould____________.
A.adapttocarbonpollution
B.planthighlyprofitablecrops
C.leavecarbonemissionalone
D.fightagainstcarbonpollution
70.What’stheauthor’spreferredsolutiontoglobalwarming?
A.Settingupanewstandard.
B.Reducingcarbonemission.
C.Adaptingtoclimatechange.
D.Monitoringpollutingindustries.
【话题解读】文章关注的是我们熟悉的话题——气候变暖,不同的是,文章给出了一些应对气候变暖的新途径。
65.A【解析】one-sizefitall意为"通用的,万全之策",句意:
不存在通用的适应性方法。
下句Nevertheless表转折,再根据"therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost"可知,没有放之四海而皆准的方法,即适应是需要根据情况不断做出调整,而非一成不变的。
66.C【解析】根据第三段中的"MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawonlydisaster."可知,Rezwan会从危机中看到机遇,会充分利用现有条件。
68.D【解析】根据倒数第四段中的"Bypaintingbuildingswhite,citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess."和倒数第三段中的"paintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice"可知,将墙壁涂成白色是利用了光的反射原理,这样可以缓解气候变暖。
69.D【解析】根据倒数第二段中的"Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe’velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it’sanonsense..."可知,作者不赞成"我们已经在与碳污染的斗争中失败了"这样的说法,说明作者建议污染企业行动起来。
70.B【解析】根据最后一段中的"Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution."可知,作者认为,最合理的方法仍然是减少二氧化碳的排放。
Passage3(2016·北京卷)
CaliforniaCondor’sShockingRecovery
CaliforniacondorsareNorthAmerica’slargestbirds,withwind-lengthofupto3meters.Inthe1980s,electricallinesandleadpoisoning(铅中毒)nearlydrovethemtodyingout.Now,electricshocktrainingandmedicaltreatmentarehelpingtorescuethesebigbirds.
Inthelate1980s,thelastfewcondorsweretakenfromthewildtobebred(繁殖).Since1992,therehavebeenmultiplereintroductionstothewild,andtherearenowmorethan150flyingoverCaliforniaandnearbyArizona,UtahandBajainMexico.
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