语言与文化 考试重点.docx
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语言与文化 考试重点.docx
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语言与文化考试重点
Chapter1Languagecultureandthought
1propertiesoflanguage
Languageissystematic:
whichmeansthatitisrulegoverned
Languageisarbitrary:
LanguageconsistsofarbitrarysymbolsThereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenwordsandtheobjectsactionsorconceptsthesewordsareusedtoreferto(onomatopoeicwordsandcompounds)
Languageissymbolic:
Wordsareassociatedwithobjectsactionsandideasthroughconvention
Languageisvocal:
Thisstatementmeansthatspeechistheprimarymediumoflanguage
Languageisuniquelyhuman:
LanguageishumanspecificOnlyhumanbeingspossesswhatcanbecalledlanguageinthetruesenseoftheterm
Languageisusedforcommunication:
Communicationistheprimaryfunctionoflanguage
Languageisusedtounderstandanddescribetheworld:
Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculturalinformation:
Humanbeingshavebeeninteractingwiththeworldandaccumulatedtheirexperienceandknowledgeabouttheworldwhichareinterpretedasculturalinformation
2Definitionsandpropertiesofculture
2.1Definitionsofculture
InEnglish"culture"isaloanwordfromLatininwhichitmainlymeant"cultivatingortillingtheland"
2.1.1Cultureinitsbroadsense
Cultureinitsbroadsenseisalsocalled"largeCculture"or"academicculture"
Materialsmanhasgottosatisfyhisneeds:
Everythingmanufacturedinfactoriesorgrownonfarmland
Socialinstitutionsandorganizationsmanhaestablished
Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment
Languageandothercommunicationsystems
Customshabitsandbehaviouralpatterns
Valuesystemsworldviewsnationaltraitsaestheticstandardsandthinkingpatterns
2.1.2Cultureinitsnarrowsense
Cultureinitsnarrowsenseisalsocalled"smallcculture"or"anthropologicalculture"
Culturecanbedefinedaslifewayofapopulation
2.2Propertiesofculture
Cultureishumanspecial
Cultureisasocialphenomenon:
Thisstatementemphasizesthecontrastbetweensocietyandnature
Cultureisanationalphenomenon:
Eachnationhasbeenlivinginitsuniquegeographicalandhistoricalframeworkinwhichauniqueculturehasbeenestablishandisdeveloping
Cultureisalsoahistoricalphenomenon;Eachgenerationinheritsthecultureestablishedbyitsforefathers
Cultureisgeneralandabstract
3Relationshipbetweenlanguagecultureandthought
3.1Relationshipbetweenlanguageandculture
Languageispartofculture
Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculture
Asamirrorofculturelanguageisstronglyinfluencedandshapedbyculture
Languagealsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture
Languageandcultureiscloselyrelatedeachinfluencingandshapingtheother
3.2thought
Thoughtisthefunctionandproductofthehumanbrain
Thoughtalsoreferstopatternsofideascharacteristicofasocialgroup
3.3Relationshipbetweenlanguageandthought
Languageisaninstrumentusedinthecommunicationofthought
Languageiscloselyrelatedtothinking
Languageisinfluencedandshapedbythought
Languageisusedforconveyingideasitsstructureandfunctionmustreflecttheseideas
Languagealsoexertsstronginfluenceonthought
3.4Concludingremarksontherelationshipbetweenlanguagethoughtandculture
Thethreeaspectsinteracteachinfluencingandshapingtheothertwo
4Interculturalcommunication
Interculturalcommunicationisconcernedwithcommunicationamongpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds
Interculturalcommunicationmainlydealswithverbalandnonverbalinteractingandrelatedfactorsininterculturalcommunication
Chapter2WordsandMeaning
1Whatarewordsandmeaning
1.1Word
Wordsareunitsofexpressionwhichlanguageuserscanintuitivelyrecognizeineitherspeechorwriting
1.2Meaning
1.2.1Conceptualmeaning
Conceptualmeaningisthebasicmeaningpresentedbymeaningfullinguisticunits,thecentralfactorinlinguisticcommunication
Therelationshipbetweenawordandanobjectintherealworldoraconceptinourmindtowhichthewordreferistheconceptualmeaningoftheword
1.2.2Connotativemeaning
Connotativemeaningisthecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasinadditiontothepurelyconceptualmeaning(womanstatesmanpolitician)
1.2.3Socialmeaning
Socialmeaningorstylisticmeaningiswhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstances(languageuserssettingstopics)(domicileresidenceabodehome)
1.2.4Affectivemeaning
Affectivemeaningiscommunicatedwhenthefeelingsorattitudesareexpressedinlanguage
1.2.5Reflectedmeaning
Reflectedmeaningarisesinwordsofmultipleconceptualmeaning(theComfortertheHolyGhostintercourseejaculationerection)
1.2.6Collocativemeaning
Collocativemeaningconsistsofassociationsawordgetsfromthosewordsthatareoftenusedtogetherwithit(prettyhandsome)
1.2.7Thematicmeaning
Thematicmeaningiswhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesamessageorderingfocusemphasis
1.2.1--1.2.6:
headingassociativemeaning
2.wordsandconceptualmeaning
2.1Wordsandculture-specificconceptualmeaning
2.1.1Wordsandgeography
TheUnitedStatesofAmerica美利坚合众国TheMississippi密西西比河Superior苏必利尔湖NiagaraFalls尼亚加拉大瀑布RockyMountains落基山脉Washington华盛顿poke美洲商陆terrapin北美泥龟TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国TheThames泰晤士河theChannel英吉利海峡England英格兰London伦敦TheCommonwealthofAustralia澳大利亚联邦NewSouthWales新南威尔士州GreatBarrierReef大堡礁GreatVictoriaDesert大维多利亚沙漠Canberra堪培拉koala考拉熊kangaroo袋鼠
2.1.2Wordsandhistory
Americanhistory
TheMayflower五月花号TheRevolutionarywarorWarofIndependence独立战争ContinentalCongress大陆会议EmancipationProclamation解放宣言HomesteadAc宅地法案Scalp波代发头皮Lynch私刑Cowboy牛仔Hippie嬉皮士
Britishhistory
Duckanoblemanholdingthehighesthereditarytitleoutsidetheroyalfamily公爵
KnightamangiventherankofknighthoodbytheBritishmonarchinrecognitionofmeritsinpublicservice骑士GloriousRevolution光荣革命Castle光荣革命Fort要塞或壁垒式的贸易站
2.1.3Wordsandpolitics
President总统theelectedheadofthegovernmentintheUSA
Congress国会thefederallegislatureoftheUSA
SupremeCourt最高法院thehighestjudicialbodyintheUSA
DemocraticParty民主党RepublicanParty共和党
Queen女王thefemalemonarchoftheUKPrimeMinister首相theleaderoftheBritishgovernmentParliament议会thesupremelegislativebodyoftheUnitedKingdom
LabourParty工党ConservativeParty保守党Governor-General总督
2.1.4WordsandtheChristianity
TrinityBibleCatholicOrthodoxEasternChurchReformationProtestantPuritanMass
2.1.5WordsandHolidays
Christmasbox(圣诞节礼)ChristmasCard(圣诞贺卡)Christmastree(圣诞树)Christmaspudding(圣诞布丁)Christmasrose(圣诞玫瑰)Christmastide(圣诞节节期)ThanksgivingDay(感恩节)BoxingDay(节礼日)Easter(复活节)St.Valentine’sDay(情人节)AprilFool’sDay(愚人节)AnzacDay(新澳军团日)
2.1.6Wordsandlivingstyles
Hotdog(热狗)Hamburger(汉堡包)Sandwich(三明治)Pudding(布丁)Salad(沙拉)Whisky(威士忌)Cocktail(鸡尾酒)Drive-ins汽车的Diners(用餐)Baseball(垒球)Rugby(橄榄球)Hockey(曲棍球)Waterskiing(滑水)Polo(马球)Golf(高尔夫球)Striptease(脱衣舞)Lovestore(色情商店)X-ratedsexploitationmovies()Late-lateTVshows
2.2EnglishwordsthatcorrespondpartiallyinconceptualmeaningwiththeirtranslationequivalentsinChinese.
Intellectuals(知识分子)Socialsciences(社会科学)
AYard(院子)QuadrangleCourtyards(四合院)
Drugstore(AE)Chemist’sshop(BE)(药店)
Chauvinistpig:
aguywhobelievesthatwomanareinferior
DudeathletemachostudhunkDonJuanplayboyegotistfrattybagger:
guyswhothinktheyarereallycoolwoman-pleasertypesconceitedtypeofpeople
Turkeynerdjerkprickbastardpimpskinheadredneckdog:
theyarepeopleawomanmaynotwanttobeseenwithorwanttotalkto
Wimp,sissy,homosexual,queer,gay,hippie:
奇怪的,同性恋者.
Couchwarmer:
Ladies’man
Man,boy,guy,fellow,gentleman,boyfriend,fiancé,lover,sweetheart:
指男性的
2.3EnglishwordsandwhatmaybemistakenfortheirequivalentsinChinese.
Greenhouse(温室)Busywork(耗时而无价值的工作)Busman’sholiday(消磨于与日常工作类似这活动的假日)Busybody(爱管闲事的人)Housewarming(乔迁之喜)Donkeywork(单调的日常工作)Policeaction(维和行动)Lowboy(矮脚抽屉柜)Freelove(公开同居)FirstLady(第一夫人)
Highschool(中学)Restroom(公共建筑物内的洗水间,厕所)Equalitarianismoregalitarianism(平均主义)Lover(情人)Disinterested(公正的,不偏不倚的)Cooker(炊事用具)Wester(西风)
2.4Words,conceptualmeaningandwordformation
Generalterms
Termsofmale
Termsoffemale
Termsforyoung
鸡chicken
公鸡cock
母鸡hen
小鸡chick
鸭duck
公鸭drake
母鸭duck
小鸭duckling
鹅goose
公鹅gander
母鹅goose
小鹅gosling
马horse
公马stallion
母马mare
小马foal
牛cattle,cow
公牛bull
母牛cow
小牛calf
羊sheep
公羊ram
母羊ewe
小羊lamb
猪pig
公猪boar
母猪sow
小猪shoat
狗dog
公狗dog
母狗bitch
小狗puppy
猫cat
公猫tomcat
母猫cat
小猫kitten
鹿deer
公鹿stag
母鹿doe
小鹿fawn
3.Wordsandassociativemeaning
3.1Wordsandconnotativemeaning
book:
C:
containknowledgeandwisdomforpeople,youthmustlearn
E:
itexpressideasforpeopletoconsider,toagreeordisagree,andtocomment
Sexy:
C:
connotesloosesexmorality
E:
itisapositivehumanquality
Old,young:
C:
youngmeansinexperienced,andinconsistent.Oldmeansmature,skilledandexperienced.
E:
youngmeansflexible,vigorous,andcreative.Oldmeanstraditional,senile,anduseless.
Dog:
C:
isverypejorative.
E:
itcanevenbeconsideredasafamilymember.
Peasant:
C:
doesn’thavederogatoryconnotations.
E:
ithasderogatory
Landlord,capitalist,boss:
C:
arepejorativeinChinese
E:
not
Comrade:
C:
connoteswarmth,friendlinessandequality
E:
meansspiesoftheSovietUnion
Ambitious,aggressive:
C:
itispejorative
E:
itisconsideredgoodqualitiesandbothpositiveinmeaning.
Self-mademan:
C:
E:
itispositiveterm.Connotinglackoffinancialfoundationandinfluentialconnections.
Individualism:
C:
itismeansselfishness
E:
it
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