大学英语四级模拟题及答案.docx
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大学英语四级模拟题及答案.docx
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大学英语四级模拟题及答案
2011年大学英语四级模拟题及答案
PartIWriting(30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicChoosinganOccupation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:
1.选择职业是一个人要面对的众多难题之一。
2.需要花时间去选择职业。
3.选择职业时可以向多人寻求建议和帮助。
ChoosinganOccupation
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【写作思路】
本文是一篇关于择业的议论文。
短文需要说明慎重择业相当重要,并提出多种指导择业的方法。
【参考范文】
ChoosinganOccupation
Oneofthemostimportantproblemsayoungpersonfacesisdecidingwhattodo.Therearesomepeople,ofcourse,whofromthetimearesixyearsold“know”thattheywanttobedoctorsorpilotsorfirefighters,butthemajorityofusdonotgetaroundtomakingadecisionaboutanoccupationorcareeruntilsomebodyorsomethingforcesustofacetheproblem.
Choosinganoccupationtakestime,andtherearealotofthingsyouhavetothinkaboutasyoutrytodecidewhatyouwouldliketodo.Youmayfindthatyouwillhavetotakespecialcoursestoqualifyforaparticularkindofwork,oryoumayfindoutthatyouwillneedtogetactualworkexperiencetogainenoughknowledgetoqualifyforaparticularjob.
Fortunately,therearealotofpeopleyoucanturntoforadviceandhelpinmakingyourdecision.Atmostschools,thereareteacherswhoareprofessionallyqualifiedtogiveyoudetailedinformationaboutjobqualifications.Andyoucantalkoveryourideaswithfamilymembersandfriendswhoarealwaysreadytolistenandtooffersuggestions.
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
WillWeRunOutofWater?
Picturea“ghostship”sinkingintothesand,lefttorotondrylandbyarecedingsea.Thenimagineduststormssweepinguptoxicpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersfromthedryseabedandspewingthemacrosstownsandvillages.
Seemlikeascenefromamovieabouttheendoftheworld?
ForpeoplelivingneartheAralSeainCentralAsia,it’salltooreal.Thirtyyearsago,governmentplannersdivertedtheriversthatflowintotheseainordertoirrigate(providewaterfor)farmland.Asaresult,theseahasshrunktohalfitsoriginalsize,strandingshipsondryland.Theseawaterhastripledinsaltcontentandbecomepolluted,killingall24nativespeciesoffish.
Similarlarge-scaleeffortstoredirectwaterinotherpartsoftheworldhavealsoendedinecologicalcrisis,accordingtonumerousenvironmentalgroups.Butmanycountriescontinuetobuildmassivedamsandirrigationsystems,eventhoughsuchprojectscancreatemoreproblemsthantheyfix.Why?
Peopleinmanypartsoftheworldaredesperateforwater,andmorepeoplewillneedmorewaterinthenextcentury.
“Growingpopulationswillworsenproblemswithwater,”saysPeterH.Gleick,anenvironmentalscientistatthePacificInstituteforstudiesinDevelopment,Environment,andSecurity,aresearchorganizationinCalifornia.Hefearsthatbytheyear2025,asmanyasone-thirdoftheworld’sprojected8.3billionpeoplewillsufferfromwatershortages.
WhereWaterGoes
Only2.5percentofallwateronEarthisfreshwater,watersuitablefordrinkingandgrowingfood,saysSandraPostel,directoroftheGlobalWaterPolicyProjectinAmherst,Mass.Twothirdsofthisfreshwaterislockedinglaciersandicecaps.Infact,onlyatinypercentageoffreshwaterispartofthewatercycle,inwhichwaterevaporatesandrisesintotheatmosphere,thencondensesandfallsbacktoEarthasprecipitation(rainorsnow).
Someprecipitationrunsofflandtolakesandoceans,andsomebecomesgroundwater,waterthatseepsintotheearth.MuchofthisrenewablefreshwaterendsupinremoteplacesliketheAmazonriverbasininBrazil,wherefewpeoplelive.Infact,theworld’spopulationhasaccesstoonly12,500cubickilometersoffreshwater—abouttheamountofwaterinLakeSuperior.Andpeopleusehalfofthisamountalready.“Ifwaterdemandcontinuestoclimbrapidly,”saysPostel,“therewillbesevereshortagesanddamagetotheaquaticenvironment.”
ClosetoHome
WaterwoesmayseemremotetopeoplelivinginrichcountriesliketheUnitedStates.ButAmericanscouldfaceseriouswatershortages,tooespeciallyinareasthatrelyongroundwater.Groundwateraccumulatesinaquifers,layersofsandandgravelthatliebetweensoilandbedrock.(Foreveryliterofsurfacewater,morethan90litersarehiddenunderground.)AlthoughtheUnitedStateshaslargeaquifers,farmers,ranchers,andcitiesaretappingmanyofthemforwaterfasterthannaturecanreplenishit.InnorthwestTexas,forexample,overpumpinghasshrunkgroundwatersuppliesby25percent,accordingtoPostel.
Americansmayfaceevenmoreurgentproblemsfrompollution.DrinkingwaterintheUnitedStatesisgenerallysafeandmeetshighstandards.Nevertheless,oneinfiveAmericanseverydayunknowinglydrinkstapwatercontaminatedwithbacteriaandchemicalwastes,accordingtotheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.InMilwaukee,400,000peoplefellillin1993afterdrinkingtapwatertaintedwithcryptosporidium,amicrobethatcausesfever,diarrheaandvomiting.
TheSource
Wheredocontaminantscomefrom?
Indevelopingcountries,peopledumprawsewageintothesamestreamsandriversfromwhichtheydrawwaterfordrinkingandcooking;about250millionpeopleayeargetsickfromwaterbornediseases.
Indevelopedcountries,manufacturersuse100,000chemicalcompoundstomakeawiderangeofproducts.Toxicchemicalspollutewaterwhenreleaseduntreatedintoriversandlakes.(Certaincompounds,suchaspolychlorinatedbiphenyls,orPCBs,havebeenbannedintheUnitedStates.)
Butalmosteveryonecontributestowaterpollution.Peopleoftenpourhouseholdcleaners,carantifreeze,andpaintthinnersdownthedrain;allofthesecontainhazardouschemicals.ScientistsstudyingwaterintheSanFranciscoBayreportedin1996that70percentofthepollutantscouldbetracedtohouseholdwaste.
Farmershavebeencriticizedforoverusingherbicidesandpesticides,chemicalsthatkillweedsandinsectsbutthatpollutewateraswell.Farmersalsousenitrates,nitrogenrichfertilizerthathelpplantsgrowbutthatcanwreakhavocontheenvironment.Nitratesaresweptawaybysurfacerunofftolakesandseas.Toomanynitrates“overenrich”thesebodiesofwater,encouragingthebuildupofalgae,ormicroscopicplantsthatliveonthesurfaceofthewater.Algaedeprivethewaterofoxygenthatfishneedtosurvive,attimeschokingofflifeinanentirebodyofwater.
What’stheSolution?
WaterexpertGleickadvocatesconservationandlocalsolutionstowater-relatedproblems;governments,forinstance,wouldbebetteroffbuildingsmall-scaledamsratherthanhugeanddisruptiveprojectsliketheonethatruinedtheAralSea.
“Morethan1billionpeopleworldwidedon’thaveaccesstobasiccleandrinkingwater,”saysGleick.“Therehastobeastrongpushonthepartofeveryone—governmentsandordinarypeople—tomakesurewehavearesourcesofundamentaltolife.”
1.WhatcausedtheAralSeatoshrink?
[A]Theriversflowingintoithavebeendiverted.
[B]Farmersuseditswatertoirrigatetheirfarmland.
[C]Governmentplannersoverpumpeditswater.
[D]Hightemperaturemadeitswaterbadlyevaporate.
2.Theconstructionofmassivedamsandirrigationprojects.
[A]doesmoregoodthanharm
[B]solvesmoreproblemsthanwhattheycreated
[C]doesmoreharmthangood
[D]bringsmorewatertopeoplethanexpected
3.Thechiefcausesofwatershortageinclude.
[A]populationgrowthandwaterwaste
[B]waterpollutionanddryweather
[C]waterwasteandpollution
[D]populationgrowthandwaterpollution
4.Americanscouldsufferfromgreatlyseriouswatershortages?
[A]livinginrichareas
[B]livinginbigcitiesbutpoorcondition
[C]dependingongroundwater
[D]bearinghighstandardsofsafedrinkingwaterinmind
5.Whatisthemainpollutantindevelopedcountries?
[A]Untreatedtoxicchemicalsfrommanufacturers.
[B]Rawsewageintoriversandstreams.
[C]Herbicidesandpesticidesusedbyfarmers.
[D]Householdcleanerspoureddownthedrain.
6.Howdoesalgaemakethreatstolifeofabodyofwater?
[A]Bycoveringthewholesurfaceofthewater.
[B]Bycompetitivelyusingoxygenlifeinwaterneeds.
[C]Bylivingmorerapidlythanotherlifeinwater.
[D]Byreleasinghazardouschemicalsintowater.
7.AccordingtoGleick,whoshouldberesponsibleforsolvingwater-relatedproblems?
[A]governmentandhousewives.
[B]farmersand考试就上考试大
[C]ordinarypeopleandmanufacturers.
[D]governmentandeveryperson.
8.AccordingtoPeterH.Gleick,bytheyear2025,asmanyasoftheworld’speoplewillsufferfromwatershortages.
9.TwothirdsofthefreshwateronEarthislockedin.
10.Indevelopedcountries,beforetoxicchemicalsarereleasedintoriversandlakes,theyshouldbetreatedinordertoavoid.
【全文翻译】
我们会陷入水资源枯竭的困境吗?
想象一只“幽灵船”沉入了沙土中,任其留在干旱的沙土中腐烂掉。
再想象沙尘暴从干旱的海床上席卷起有毒的杀虫剂和化肥,呼啸着穿过城镇和村庄。
看起来像关于世界末日的电影中的一个场景?
对于居住在中亚咸海附近的居民而言,这一切都是真实的。
30年前,为了灌溉(提供水)农田,政府部门的规划专家们改道了引水入海的河流。
结果,咸海缩小为原来的一半,船只也搁浅在干旱的沙土上。
海水受到污染,其盐含量增到了三倍,导致24种土生土长的鱼类灭绝。
根据众多环保组织的调查,世界其他地方与此类似的大规模的改道努力也是以生态危机而告终的。
尽管建造大坝和灌溉系统创造的问题要比它们解决的问题多,但是许多国家仍然继续这样的项目。
为什么呢?
世界许多地方的人都非常需要水;而且,随着人口
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