On Reconstruction of Cultural Deafaults in the Process of Translation.docx
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On Reconstruction of Cultural Deafaults in the Process of Translation.docx
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OnReconstructionofCulturalDeafaultsintheProcessofTranslation
OnReconstructionofCulturalDefaultsintheProcessofTranslation
1Introduction
Asmembersofthesamelanguageandculturalbackground,authorsandoriginallanguagereadershavecommonbackgroundknowledgetoensurethattheircommunicationiseffective.Soauthorsdonotexpressobviousinformationthatoriginallanguagereadersknowalreadyinordertogettheefficiencyofexpressing,andthiscausesthelacunaofcommonknowledgeandsemanticvacuity,thenitistheexistenceofculturaldefaults.Butitisabarrierforforeignlanguagereaders,itisnecessaryfortranslatorstotranslateoriginalworksintotranslationsintargetlanguage.Itmeansthattranslationisnotonlyanactivityoflanguage,butalsoanactivityofculturalexchange.
Accordingtocommunication,culturaldefaultisaneffectivewaytoimprovetheefficiencyofcommunication,itisacommunicationstrategy.However,itisabarriertointheprocessoftranslation,andtheunderstandingbetweenoriginalauthorsandoriginallanguagereadersdoesnotexistinoriginalauthorsandtargetlanguagereaders.Translatorshavetodosomereconstructionofculturaldefaultsinordertohelptargetlanguagereadersunderstandthelacunaandvacuityinoriginals,andifreconstructionisoverdone,itwillbreakthesuccinctandimplicitoriginals.
Therefore,inordertoreconstructculturaldefaultsappropriately,itisnecessarytoacquirewhatculturaldefaultis,andwhatprinciplesshouldfollowinreconstruction,andthentakeappropriatemethodstoreconstruct.Thispaperwillgivethecomprehensionofculturaldefault,anddiscusswhichprinciplesshouldbefollowedintranslation.Accordingtotheanalysisofculturaldefaultsandprinciples,translatorscandothebestreconstructionbyusingappropriatemethods.
2CulturalDefaultsintheProcessofTranslation
Translationisanactivityofculture,andtranslationisgeneratedthroughculturalexchange,anditsmaintaskistospreadforeignculturetonativeculture.Thispaperbelievesthatdifferencesexistindifferentculture,sotranslationisthewayofculturalexchange.However,cantranslationworksreallylettargetlanguagereaderscomeintocontactwithforeignculture,andwhatkindofproblemswilltranslatorsfaceintheprocessoftranslation?
2.1Definitionofculturaldefaults
Somepeoplethinkthatthebiggestchallengeintheprocessoftranslationistofindtheappropriatewordsandstructuresbetweenthetargetlanguagereadersandoriginallanguagereaders.Onthecontrary,forthetranslators,thebiggestdifficultyisthecompensationforculturaldefaultfortargetlanguagereaders,translatorsnotonlyneedunderstandthemeaningofwordsandsyntacticrelations,butalsoneedbesensitivetocomponentsofculturaldefaultoforiginaltexts.Thereisawidespreadmisconceptionthatabilingualpersoncandocompetenttranslation.Aboveall,itisnotenoughtomastertwolanguages,anditisimportanttounderstandtherelatedcultureoftheworkswhichwillbetranslated.Thefunctionoflanguageinaparticularcultureandtheculture'seffectsonwordsandidiomscanbefoundeverywhere.Withoutcarefulconsiderationoftheculturalbackgroundoforiginalworks,itwillbeverydifficultfortargetlanguagereaderstomakeproperunderstandingofanytext.Sotranslatorsshallpaygreatattentiontotheexistenceofculturaldefault.
Sowhatisthedefinitionofculturaldefault?
Thepeopleinthesamesocialandculturalbackgroundarebasedonthesamecognitiveenvironment,sogenerallytheyhavethecommonknowledgeofthesocietyandculture.Therefore,beforethewriting,writershaveageneralunderstandingonknowledgestructureandculturalexperiencesofhisintentionalreaders.Thenwriterscommunicatewiththeirreaders,theywouldleaveouttherelevantculturalknowledgewhichareneedlesstosayoutandsharedofthepublictoenhancetheefficiencyofcommunication.Thesecomponentsofdefaultdon'tappearinwords,butcanbeactivatedinaparticularculturalcontextinthereaders'minds.Thisisthephenomenoncalled“culturaldefault”thatwillbediscussedinthispaper.
2.2Discussionoftheexistenceofculturaldefaults
Culturaldefaultisacommunicatingphenomenonwithdistinctculturalcharacteristics;ithascoherentfunctionwhichmeanstexts'andsemanticcoherence.Intermsofwrittenarticles,whenauthorscommunicatebytheformofwriting,theyconveyinformationaccordingtotheirbackgroundknowledgeoftheirownlanguageandculture,theyexpresstheirfeelingsbecauseofdifferencesincognitiveenvironment;butforeign-languagereadersdon'thavethesameorsimilarcognitiveexperiencesasauthorshave,foreign-languagereaderslackthememoriesofnationalculturereflectedinlanguage,religion,values,ethics,andwaysofthinkingandotherusefulinformation.Thenforeign-languagereaderscannotfillupsignificantvacancies,thesemanticsofdiscoursecoherencecannotbeestablishedinreaders’minds,soreadersgenerategapsofunderstandingoftheoriginals.
Theobjectiveexistenceofthephenomenonofculturaldefaultandthedifferencesofculturaldefaultindifferentlanguagesoftenmakepeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundsfailtoestablishthesemanticsofdiscoursecoherenceincommunicationwithothers.Fortheexistenceofculturaldefaults,targetlanguagereaderscannotreadpapersorarticlesorotherliteraryworkscoherently,readerscannotcorrectlyunderstandoriginalworks.Evenworse,readersmaytotallymisunderstandauthors'meaningorattitudesorconnotationsorwhatelseauthorswanttoexpress.
Therefore,wespeciallymentionitandstudyitintheprocessoftranslation,thispurposeistohelptargetlanguagereadersestablishcoherencewithinandoutsidetexts.Studyingculturaldefaultismorehelpfulfortargetlanguagereaderstocommunicatewithoriginallanguagereadersonideologyandculture.
3PrinciplesofReconstructionofCulturalDefaultsintheProcessofTranslation
Fromthepointofviewofculturalexchange,themostimportanttaskoftranslatorsistoconveytheinformationoforiginalworkstotargetlanguagereaders.Therefore,inthereconstructionofculturaldefaultintheprocessoftranslation,translatorsshouldmakeeveryefforttohelptargetlanguagereadersacquireculturalinformationoforiginalworks.However,translatorscannotreconstructculturaldefaulttoomuchtomaketargetlanguagereaderslosetheopportunitytoenjoytheculturalexploration.Anditisafactthatoriginalauthorsarenotwritingforthesakeofreaders'acceptance,sotranslatorshavetoreconstructculturaldefaultproperly.Ofcourse,translatorscannotreconstructastheywant.Therearemustbecertainprinciplestofollow.
Soheretheprinciplesofreconstructionofculturaldefaultcometotranslators:
letthetargetlanguagereadersenjoythemselvesintheprocessofculturalexploration,anddoreconstructionofculturaldefaultsbyarelevance-theoreticapproach.
3.1Culturalfunctionoftranslationandculturalretentionintranslation
Thispaperwilldiscusstheprinciplethroughtheculturalfunctionoftranslation.Whatistheculturalfunctionoftranslation?
Theanswerisobvioustotranslators.Andculturalfunctionoftranslationmeansthattranslationshouldembodytheexoticculturetoreaders.Itmeansthattranslatorshavetomakereadersclosertoexoticcultureinreadingtranslatedworksthanreadingoriginalworks,andmakereadersseethedifferencesbetweenexoticcultureandnativeculture.Italsomeansthattranslatorsshouldmakeexoticcultureclingtotarget-culturereaders,andmaketargetculturereadersreadtranslatedworkswithoutanydifficulty.
Thenwhatwillmaketranslatorsabidebytheculturefunctionwhichthepaperreferstoabove?
Firstofall,translatorsshouldadheretothe“non-ethnocentric”attitudeintheprocessoftranslation,becausethisattitudecanbecompatiblewithculturaldifferencesinagreaterdegree.Sincetranslatorsareinakeycentreof“alongexchangingchainoforiginalworks’sponsorsandthelastrecipientsofinformation(thebondofsteppingoverculturalboundariesinhumanbeing)”,theyshouldtakeontheburdenofclearingcross-culturalcommunicationbarrierswhicharecausedbydifferencesbetweentwocultures(targetcultureandnativeculture).Now,mankindhasenteredanewcentury,peacefulcoexistenceofdifferentpeoplesanddifferentculturesandrapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyprovideuswithmoreopportunitiestocommunicatewitheachother.Weneedmutualunderstandingmorethananytimeinhistory.Forthispurpose,whatismore,weneeddiscardprejudicesandethnocentrism.Fromabove,translationisnotonlythedecodingandencodingoflinguisticsigns,butalsoinvolvestheexchangebetweendifferentcultures,translationaimsatpromotingmutualunderstandingbetweendifferentethnicgroups.
Sothefunctionoftextsshouldbeexaminedinawiderangeofsocialbackground.Translationmakestargetculturepresentimagesoforiginalculture,thustranslationhasaprofoundandlastingimpactontargetculture.Wheredopeoplegettheknowledgeofexoticcultures?
Howcanpeopleacquireexoticculturesandtheirnativeculturesaredifferent?
Peoplecangetknowledgeofexoticculturebybeinginexoticculturethemselvesorreadingoriginaltextswhichareconstructedinthebackgroundofexoticculture.Furthermore,peoplecanalsoacquireknowledgeaboutexoticculturebytheapproachoftranslating.Venutinotedthattranslationisthemostimportantroleintheformationofculturalidentity.Translationhasaprofoundimpactonbuildingt
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