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论文
毕业论文
英文论文题目:
StudytheChineseandWesternculturesFromtheEuphemisms
中文论文题目:
从委婉语看中西文化差异
姓名:
秦耀峰
学号:
0903********
学习中心:
弘成上海学习中心
专业:
英语(商务方向)
指导教师:
杨宏
二〇一二年七月
毕业论文承诺书
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摘要
目录
1Introduction1
1.1TheOriginofEuphemism1
1.2TheDefinitionofEuphemism1
2TheClassificationofEuphemism3
2.1ThePositiveEuphemismandtheNegativeEuphemism3
2.2TheUnconsciousEuphemismandtheConsciousEuphemism3
3AContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseEuphemism5
3.1AContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseEuphemisminTermsofFormationDevice5
3.1.1PhoneticDevice5
3.1.2LexicalDevice6
3.2AContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseEuphemisminTermsofCulture7
3.2.1EuphemismsofOldAge8
3.2.2EuphemismsofPoverty8
3.2.3EuphemismofDeitiesandDevilsinEnglish9
4Conclusions11
StudytheChineseandWesternculturesFromtheEuphemisms
摘要
Euphemismisawidespreadculturephenomenon.Sofarmostofitsstudiesdealwithindividualcultureandlanguage.Thereisashortageofcontrastiveresearchbetweentwocultureandlanguages.Therefore,thisthesistriestomakeacontrastivestudyoftheEnglishandChineseeuphemismtodiscoverthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthem.
Firsttheauthorintroducestheoriginandthedefinitionofeuphemismaswellastheclassificationofeuphemism.ThentheauthormakesacontrastivestudyoftheEnglishandChineseeuphemismsintermsofformationdevicesandculture.Euphemismisalanguagephenomenon,Soitcanbeanalyzedfromthephonetic,lexical,figurativeandgrammaraspects.Euphemismisalsoaculturephenomenon,Soitcanbeanalyzedfromculturalaspects.Thecontrastivestudyismadeinseveralmaintypesofeuphemisms--theeuphemismofoldage,theeuphemismofpoverty,theeuphemismofoccupation,theeuphemismofunemployment,theeuphemismofsex,theeuphemismofdeath,etc.
ThroughthecontrastivestudyofEnglishandChineseeuphemism,wecanleanthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesandthetwocultures,whichareofconsiderablevalueandguidancetoourforeignlanguagelearningandteaching,interculturalcommunication,translation,dictionarycompilationandsoon.
Theessaystudiestheimportance,necessityandpurposeofpolitenessinconversation,
Keywords:
euphemismcontrastlanguageculture
1Introduction
Euphemismisacommonlinguisticphenomenonindifferentcultures.Fromthemomentitiscoined,itplaysallimportantroleinpeople‘sdailycommunicationTheyareembeddedsodeeplyinourlanguagethatmostofus,eventhosewhopridethemselvesonbeingplainspoken,nevergetthroughadaywithoutusingthem.Likeakindoflubrication,itenablespeopletoexpresswhatcannotbeuttereddirectly
1.1TheOriginofEuphemism
Whentalkingabouteuphemisms,wecannotneglecttaboo.Inancienttimes,productivitywasinaverylowlevel,theprimitiveswereoftenconfrontedwithbafflingandthreateningsituationsandphenomena,suchasdeath,andtheyfailedtounderstandtheessenceofthem.Tofindawayout,theybecamesuperstitiousaboutsupernaturalpower,ortheexistenceofdevilsandgods.Intheirmind,everythingwasalivewithspirit,capableofbringingdownblessingsandmisfortunes,andthuslanguagetookuponakindofsupernaturalsense.Thisledtotheforbiddenuseofcertainlanguagethatgraduallybecametaboo.Whenpeopleareunwillingtoordarenotspeakoutsomethingregardedastaboo,theyhavetoshunthembyusingmildsubstitutes,toimplythosethingswhichpeoplearereluctanttomentionandtopromptsomethingbothspeakerandlistenerknowbutrefusetosayoutbydirectexpressions.Tothethingsthathavetobementioned,peopleworkoutindirecttermstoreplacethem.Thuseuphemismscomeintobeing.
1.2TheDefinitionofEuphemism
ThewordeuphemismcomesfromtheGreekeu.Meaninggoodandphememeaningspeechorsaying,andthusitmeansliterallytospeakwithgoodwords(Carroll2000:
34).Lateron,euphemismisdefineddifferentlyandmoreprecisely.IntheConciseOxfordDictionary,itisdescribedas“substitutionofmildorvagueorroundaboutexpressionforharshordirectone(Carroll2000:
491)”.Itistakenassubstitution,restraint,softenedexpression,mockmodesty,metaphoricalspeech,verbalextenuationwordinverbalgoodtaste,overdelicacyofspeech,affectedrefinementoflanguageinWebsterWordHistory(Mish1989:
283).InChinaChenWangdaowasthefirstpersonwhogaveeuphemismadefinition,inhisIntroductiontoRhetoric,thedefinitionreads,onekindoffiguresofspeechsayingsomethingindirectly,butconnotingandsubstitutingwithroundaboutandimplicitwordsorevenmetaphoricalexpression”(Mish1989:
56).Euphemismisroundaboutandmildword,soitcallexecutethespeaker’spsychologicalnecessitytosoftentheshockofreality.Butmanylinguiststhinkthatthedefinitionofeuphemismneedstobedeterminedinanarrowandbroadsense.Traditionalwesternlinguisticsrestrictseuphemismstudytothelexicon.EuphemismsarethereforewordsorphrasesinplaceofthingsconsideredtoberodeorunpleasantEuphemismsofsuchkindalecalledeuphemismsinthenarrowsense.Theyaretheconventionallyestablishedone,whicharewidelymetinourdailylife.
InChina,euphemismsalemainlyexpressedbyusingindirectwords,phrases,sentencesandevendiscoursesthatareappliedmostlyinliteraturewritingstoachievesomevividandaestheticeffect.Itcanbefoundveryoftenfromancienttimestjllnowadays.ThisphenomenonhascloserelationshipwithChinesetraditionalculturalpsychology.Chinesescholarshavelongbeenadvocatingtheliteraturenormthatpeoplewritearticlesthatarefullofrichandbrightcolors,buttheyshouldcreateimplicitly.Throughdefiningeuphemisminnarrowandbroadsense,wecanhaveabetterunderstandingofeuphemismandcaneasilyunderstandtheindeedintentionoftheexpressions.
2TheClassificationofEuphemism
2.1ThePositiveEuphemismandtheNegativeEuphemism
AccordingtoHughRawson,euphemismcanbedividedintotwotypes:
thepositiveandthenegativefromtheangleofsemantics.Thepositiveeuphemismsalsocanbecalledstylisticones,which“inflateandmagnifythewordmeaning,makingtheeuphemizedseemaltogetherganderandmoreimportantthantheyreallyare”(Rawson1989:
1).Thepositiveeuphemismsincludethemanyfancyoccupationaltitles,whichsavetheegosofworkersbyelevatingtheirjobstatus.Forexample,”sanitationengineer”istheeuphemismfor“garbagecollector”,and”custodian”istheeuphemismfor“janitor”.Theyalsoincludemanyinstitutionaleuphemisms,whichconvert“madhouse”into“mentalhospital”,“college”into”universities”.Thiskindofeuphemismisusuallyusedwidelyintheofficiallanguageandsomeotherformalstyles.
Thenegativeeuphemismsareextremelyancient,andcloselyconnectedwiththetaboos.Theyarealsocalled“traditionaleuphemisms”.Theydeflateanddiminish.Theyaredefensiveinnature,offsettingthepoweroftabooedtermsandotherwiseeradicatingfromthelanguageeverythingthatpeopleprefernottodealwithdirectly.Inmanycultures,itisforbiddentopronouncethenameofGod,soJesusChrist,Christ,goodnessisforGodandMyGumforMyGod.Manytabooedsubjectssuchassex,disease,death,excretion,bodilyfunction,etc,shouldbeeuphemizedinthisway.
2.2TheUnconsciousEuphemismandtheConsciousEuphemism
Alleuphemisms,whetherpositiveornegative,maybeusedeitherunconsciouslyorconsciously.Soeuphemismsalsocanbedividedintounconsciouseuphemismsandconsciouseuphemisms(Rawson1989:
3).Theunconsciouseuphemismsrefertothoseofwhichoriginaldenotationshavebeenforgottenbypeopleforalongtime.Forexample,theword“cemetery”(fromtheGreekwordforsleepingplaceordormitory,servesasaeuphemismforgraveyard.Thewordindispositionisaeuphemisticexpressionfordisease.Thesewordsmentionedabove,becauseoftheirlongtimeuse,usersarenotconsciousoftheiroriginalmeanings
Consciouseuphemismsaredifferent.Whenemployingthiskindofeuphemisms,peoplenotonlyknowtheiroriginalmeanings,butalsounderstandthereferredmeanings.Forexample,inadinnerparty,aladystoodupandsaidthatshewantedtopowderhernose.Inaword,euphemismslikethisstandforsomethingelse,buteveryonepretends,thatsomethingelsedoesnotexist.Itisessentiallyduplicitousnatureofeuphemismsthatmakesthemattractivetothosepeoplewhohavetohideandfinditconvenienttolieaboutwhattheyaredoing.
3AContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseEuphemism
3.1AContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseEuphemisminTermsofFormationDevice
TheEnglishandChineselanguagesrespectivelybelongtodifferentlanguagesystems.TheEnglishisalphabeticallanguageandtheChineseisideographiclanguage,sotherearedifferencesintheirformationdevices.Butthetwolanguagesalsosharesomethingcommoninlinguisticstructure,andtherearealsosimilaritiesintheirformationdevices.Generallyspeaking,therearefourbasicdevices-·thephoneticdevice,thelexicaldevice,thefigurativedeviceandthegrammardevices
3.1.1PhoneticDevice
Whenweencounterwordsthatwedarenotspeakdirectly,wemaydistorttheirsoundsorchangetheirspellingfortheeuphemisticpurpose(Liu2001:
10).Thiswayiscalledphoneticdistortion,whichismuchacceptableinEnglishbecauseitswritingisalphabetic.Phoneticdistortionincludesreduplicationanddistortionofpronunciation.etc.Thereisreduplicationlike“Pee-pee’’or“Wee-wee’’f
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