学术英语课后答案unit4.docx
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学术英语课后答案unit4.docx
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学术英语课后答案unit4
Unit4WritingaLiteratureReview
I.TeachingObjectives
Inthisunit,youwilllearnhowto:
1.writeaself-containedliteraturereview
2.writealiteraturereviewasapartofanessay
3.citesourcesbycorrectquotationandparagraphs
4.givetheappropriatedocumentationtothesourceyouuse
5.avoiddifferentkindsofplagiarism
6.identifycommonknowledge
7.acquireparaphrasingskills
8.enhancelanguageskillsrelatedwithreadingandlisteningmaterialpresentedinthisunit
II.TeachingProcedures
1Writingaliteraturereview
Task1
1ThefourarticleswerepublishedrightaftertheFukushimadisasterinJapanandalladdressedthetopicofpotentialrisksofnuclearradiation.
2Radiationisnotsoterribleasexpectedandhumanbeingsareexposedtodifferentsourcesofradiationeveryday.Whetheritwillendangerhumanhealthornotdependsonthedurationandstrengthofradiationexposure.
3AmberCornelioholdsadifferentattitudefromtheotherthreeauthors.Hebelievesthatradiation
exposurewillcertainlyraisetheriskofgettingcancerandgovernmentofficialsdownplayitspotentialdangertojustifyitsuseofnuclearpower.
4Answersmayvary.
5ItseemsthatText11,12,14providemorescientificfactsaboutnuclearradiationthanText13whichismoreemotionallychargedbyusingmanyrhetoricalquestionsandphraseslike“Iamsimplyfloored”,“letofficialsbeoblivious”,“nottobeoutdone”,“Donottellusaboutthat”.
Henceitappearslessreliableandtrustworthy.
Task2
Comparedwithuraniumwhichtheproductionofconventionalnuclearpowerneeds,thereismorelithiumintheseawaterwhichcansupport30millionyears’fusionfuel.
Task3
1Reviewthepreviousrelatedstudies
2Statethepreviousstudies’limitation
3Announcethedirectionforfurtherstudies
2Writingaself-containedliteraturereview
Task1
1Stigmatization,akindofsocialrejection,isbigchallengetothementallyill.Theyarerejectedbypeoplebecauseofthelabeltheycarryorthattheirbehaviorsindicatethattheybelongtoacertainlabeledgroup.
2Toreportthepaststudiesofthetopic.Studieshaveprovedthatstigmatizationofthementallyilliscausedbythepublic’sbeliefinmythsaboutthedangerousnessofthementallyillandexposingthosemythscanreducestigmatization.
3Threearticles.
4Pescosolido&Tuch(2000)thoughtthatacommonrespondtothementallyillarerejectionandfearofviolence.Anotherarticleconcludedthatrejectionandfeararecausedbylesscontactwithmentallyill.AlexanderandLink(2003)foundthatanytypeofcontactwithmentallyillindividualsreducedperceptionsofdangerousnessofthetarget.
51)Whataremajorcausesfortherejectionandfear,andcantheybereduced?
2)ThisfindingisverifiedbyAlexanderandLink(2003).
Task2
Text11
Title:
RisksofNuclearPower
Author(s):
BernardL.Cohen
Source:
http:
//www.physics.isu.edu.
Summary:
Radiationfromnuclearpowerisfearedtohavethepotentialofcausingacancerorsomegeneticdiseases.Thisfear,however,isdismissedbyCohenafterhecomparesartificialradiationandtheradiationthatoccursnaturallyinourenvironment,analyzingtheirrespectiveimpactonhumanhealth.Cohenseparatelydiscussesthedifferentsourcesofnuclearpowerrisksandarrivesatthefollowingconclusions:
1)theprobabilityofrealreactoraccidents,withthesafetysystemofdefenseindepth,areextremelysmall;2)radioactivewaste,ifproperlyhandled,causesnegligibledamage;3)otherradiationproblems,suchasaccidentsintransportationorradonexposuresinmining,arealsonotsothreateningastheyseemtobe.Insummaryhebelievesthatradiationduetonuclearpowerwillcausemuchfewercancersanddeathsthancoalburning.(130words)
Text12
Title:
HowRadiationThreatensHealth
Author(s):
NinaBai
Source:
ScientificAmerican
Summary:
NinaBaiaddressesthewidespreadconcernsoverthehealtheffectsofradiationexposureinthewakeofFukushimanuclearcrisis.Shediscussesthreedeterminativefactors:
thelevel,typeanddurationofradiationexposure.First,radiationsicknessusuallyoccurswhenthereisexcessivedoseofexposure,thoughthelimitsofradiationleveldifferforthegeneralpublic,radiationworkers,andpatientsgoingthroughmedicalradiation.Second,ofthefourtypesofionizingradiation,gamma,X-ray,alpha,andbeta,thelattertwo,albeitbeinglowerenergy,aremorelikelytocausehealthdamage.Third,averyhighsingledoseofradiationcanbemoreharmfulthanthesamedosageaccumulatedovertime.Finally,BaidrawsonthelessonofChernobyl,andconcludesradiationexposurewithinreasonablelimitisnotsofearfulanditisgoodtoexercisecaution.(136words)
Text13
Title:
ShouldNuclearRadiationFoundinDomesticMilkComeasaSurprise?
Author(s):
AmberCornelio
Source:
http:
//www.
Summary:
AmberCornelio(2011)maintainsthatradiationfromJapan’sFukushimadisasterhasthreatenedthedailylifeofordinaryAmericans.Hechallengesthegovernment’sviewthatradioactivematerialsdetectedindomesticmilk,vegetablesandrainwaterwillposenopublichealthconcern.Hesuspectsthatthegovernmentisdownplayingthepotentialdangersofradiationtojustifyitsuseofnuclearpower.Hebelievesthegovernmenthasfailedtodothejobofprotectingpeople.Intheend,heurgesthegovernmenttobemoreresponsibleandstopbuildingpowerplantsonafaultyline.Hewarnsthatcoveringupthefactsisnotthekeytoavoidsimilardisastersinthefuture.(108words)66
Text14
Title:
RadiationandHealth:
TheAftershocksofJapan’sNuclearDisaster
Author(s):
SusanBlumenthal
Source:
http:
//www.
Summary:
SusanBlumenthal(2011)aimstoinformpeopleofnuclearradiationwithscientificfacts.ShestartstheessaywithareferencetotheworldwidespreadoffearinthewakeofFukushimadisasterandthenexplainswhatradiationis.Theexplanationisfollowedbyareportofdifferenttypesofradioactivematerialsreleasedintotheair.Shegoesontotellthatanexposureto
thosematerialswillincreasetherisksofsomemajordiseases.However,sheconcedesradiationisnotsomenacingaswasassumedandhumansareexposedtonaturallyoccurringradiationeveryday.Whetherradiationisharmfultohealthornotdependsontwocontexts:
thedurationandstrengthoftheexposure.Shewarnsthatexposuretohighdosesofradiationcanleadtoacutehealthproblems.Long-termlowdoseexposuretoradiationisequallyfatal.(137words)
Task3
ThereleaseofsubstantialamountsofradiationintotheatmospherefromFukushimanuclearplanthastriggeredwidespreadconcernsovertheuseofnuclearpowerandthehealtheffectsofradiationexposure.SincetheChernobyldisaster,especiallytheFukushimanuclearcrisis,manyscientistsandscholarshaveattemptedtoestimatetheeffectofnuclearradiationonhumanhealth.Cohen(2011)believesthefearthatnuclearradiationwillcauseacancerorothergeneticdiseasesisunnecessary.Hemadeadetailedanalysisoftheeffectsofaccidentsinnuclearpowerplants,accidentsintransportingradioactivematerialsandescapeofradioactivewastesfromconfinementsystemsonhumanhealthbycomparingtheeffectsofcoalburning.Cohenarrivedatthefollowingconclusions:
nuclearradiation,ifproperlyhandled,causesnegligibledamageandmuchfewerdeathsthancoalburning.Cohen’sideaissharedbyBai(2011).Baidiscussedthreedeterminativefactors:
thelevel,typeanddurationofradiationexposure.Shefoundthatradiationsicknessusuallyoccursonlywhenthereisexcessivedoseofexposure.Second,ofthefourtypesofionizingradiation,gamma,X-ray,alpha,andbeta,thelattertwoaremorelikelytocausehealthdamage.Third,averyhighsingledoseofradiationcanbemoreharmfulthanthesamedosageaccumulatedovertime.Baiconcludedthatradiationexposurewithinreasonablelimitisnotsofearfulanditisgoodtoexercisecaution.Blumenthal(2011)didsimilarresearch.Sheexamineddifferenttypesofradioactivematerialsreleasedintotheair.Shefoundthatanexposuretothosematerialswouldincreasetherisksofsomemajordiseases.However,theradiationisnotsomenacingaswasassumedashumansareexposedtonaturallyoccurringradiationeveryday.Shebelievesthatwhetherradiationisharmfultohealthornotdependsontwocontexts:
thedurationandstrengthoftheexposure.Onlyexposuretohighdosesofradiationorlong-termlowdoseexposurecouldleadtoacutehealthproblems.
Contrarytothethreescholars,however,Cornelio(2011)maintainedthatradiationfromJapan’sFukushimadisasterthreatenedthedailylifeofordinaryAmericans.Hechallengesthegovernment’sviewthatradioactivematerialsdetectedindomesticmilk,vegetablesandrainwaterwillposenopublichealthconcern.Hesuspectsthatthegovernmentisdownplayingthepotentialdangersofradiationtojustifyitsuseofnuclearpower.Henceheurgesthegovernmenttobemoreresponsibleandstopbuildingpowerplantsonafaultyline.
3Writingaliteraturereviewasapartofanessay
Task1
1Content-basedinstruction(CBI)isanalternativeapproachtoteachingEnglish.Insuchanapproach,languageteachingisintegratedwithindiscipline-specificcontentcourses.Themajorgoalistoequipstudentswithacademicliteracyskillsacrossthecurriculum.CBIhasgainedwideacceptanceinU.S.undergraduateinstitutions.
2Numerousresearchstudiesdemonstrateconsistentlythatcontent-basedsecondlanguageteachingpromotesbothlanguageacquisitionandacademicsuccess.
3Morethan10articles.
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