西方文明史(英语)Lecture-8-The-Middle-ages-Chapters-8-10.pdf
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西方文明史(英语)Lecture-8-The-Middle-ages-Chapters-8-10.pdf
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THEMIDDLEAGESTHEMIDDLEAGES500500-15001500InthehistoryofEurope,theMiddleAgeslastedfromthe5thtothe15thcentury.ItbeganwiththefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireandmergedintotheRenaissanceandtheAgeofDiscovery.TheMiddleAgesisthemiddleperiodofthethreetraditionaldivisionsofWesternhistory:
classicalantiquity,themedievalperiod,andthemodernperiod.TheMiddleAgesisitselfsubdividedintotheEarly,High,andLateMiddleAges.THEEARLYMIDDLEAGES,500-900TheEarlyMiddleAgesfollowedthedeclineoftheWesternRomanEmpireandprecededtheHighMiddleAges.THEMAKINGOFTHEBARBARIANKINGDOMS,500-750Italy:
FromOstrogoths东哥特人toLombards伦巴第人Visigothic西哥特Spain:
IntoleranceandDestructionTheAnglo-Saxons:
FromPagan异教徒ConquerorstoChristianMissionariesTheFranks:
AnEnduringlegacyTheLombardpossessionsinItaly:
TheLombardKingdom(Neustria纽斯特里亚(意大利西北部),Austria奥地利andTuscia托斯卡纳)andtheLombardDuchiesofSpoletoandBeneventoVISIGOTHICSPAINBy500,theVisigothicKingdom,centeredatToulouse图卢兹,controlledGalliaAquitaniaandGalliaNarbonensisandmostofHispaniawiththeexceptionoftheSuebicKingdomofGaliciainthenorthwestandsmallareascontrolledbyindependentIberianpeoples.EuricssonAlaricII(484507)issuedanewbodyoflaws,theBreviariumAlariciandheldachurchcouncilatAgde.AnAnglo-SaxonparadehelmetfromSuttonHoo(7thcentury)TheFrankishkingdomgrewthroughacomplexdevelopmentofconquest,patronage,andalliancebuilding.TheMerovingians美罗文加王朝人establishedthemselvesinthepowervacuumoftheformerRomanprovincesinGaul,andClovisI克洛维一世convertedtoChristianityfollowinghisvictoryovertheAlemanni阿勒曼尼人(属日耳曼部落)attheBattleofTolbiac(496),layingthefoundationoftheFrankishEmpire,thedominantstateofearlymedievalWesternChristendom.FEUDALISMAround800therewasareturntosystematicagricultureintheformoftheopenfield,orstrip,system.Thethree-fieldsystemofcroprotationwasfirstdevelopedinthe9thcentury.THEVIKINGAGETheVikingAgespanstheperiodbetween793and1066inScandinaviaandBritain,followingtheGermanicIronAge(andtheVendelAgeinSweden).Duringthisperiod,theVikings,Scandinavianwarriorsandtraders,raidedandexploredmostpartsofEurope,south-westernAsia,northernAfrica,andnorth-easternNorthAmerica.THEVIKINGAGEScienceCarolingianRenaissanceByzantiumsgoldenageIslamiclearningTRANSMISSIONOFLEARNINGCHRISTIANITYWESTANDEASTTheCatholicChurch,theonlycentralizedinstitutiontosurvivethefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireintact,wasthesoleunifyingculturalinfluenceintheWest,preservingLatinlearning,maintainingtheartofwriting,andpreservingacentralizedadministrationthroughitsnetworkofbishopsordainedinsuccession.CHRISTIANITYWESTANDEASTFromtheearlyChristians,earlymedievalChristiansinheritedachurchunitedbymajorcreeds,astableBiblicalcanon,andawell-developedphilosophicaltradition.ThechurchoftheearlyMiddleAgesconsistedprimarilyofthemonasteries.Thepapacy教皇权力wasrelativelyweak,anditspowerwasmostlyconfinedtocentralItaly.THEHIGHMIDDLEAGES,900-1300THEHIGHMIDDLEAGES,900-1300DuringtheHighMiddleAges,whichbeganafter1000,thepopulationofEuropeincreasedgreatlyastechnologicalandagriculturalinnovationsallowedtradetoflourishandtheMedievalWarmPeriodclimatechangeallowedcropyieldstoincrease.GREATBRITAINANDIRELANDInEngland,theNormanConquestof1066resultedinakingdomruledbyaFrancophone讲法语的nobility.ScotlandandWalesweresubduedtovassalage隶属关系ataboutthesametime,thoughScotlandlaterasserteditsindependence.TheExchequer财政部wasfoundedinthe12thcenturyunderKingHenryI,andthefirstparliamentswereconvened.In1215,KingJohnsignedtheMagnaCarta大宪章intolaw,whichlimitedthepowerofEnglishmonarchs.SCANDINAVIAFromthemid-tenthtothemid-11thcenturies,theScandinaviankingdomswereunifiedandChristianized,resultinginanendofVikingraids,andgreaterinvolvementinEuropeanpolitics.THERISEOFCHIVALRYHouseholdheavychivalry(knights)becamecommoninthe11thcenturyacrossEurope,andtournamentswereinvented.Knighthoodbecameknownasawayforserfstoearntheirfreedom.Inheritedtitlesofnobilitywereestablishedduringthisperiod.In13th-centuryGermany,knighthoodbecameanotherinheritabletitle,althoughoneofthelessprestigious,andthetrendspreadtoothercountries.RELIGIONTheChurchTheCrusadesMilitaryordersScholasticismGoldenageofmonasticismMendicantorders托钵修会Heretical异教的movementsCathars清洁教派THECRUSADESTheCrusadeswereaseriesofreligiouswarssanctioned批准bytheLatinChurchbetweenthe11thand16thcenturies,especiallythecampaignsintheEasternMediterraneanwiththeaimofcapturingJerusalemfromIslamicrule.CrusadeswerealsofoughtformanyotherreasonssuchastorecaptureChristianterritoryordefendChristiansinnon-Christianlands,resolveconflictamongrivalRomanCatholicgroups,gainpoliticalorterritorialadvantage,ortocombatpaganismandheresy.THECRUSADESTHECRUSADESInNorthernEurope,theHanseaticLeague汉萨同盟,afederationoffreecitiestoadvancetradebysea,wasfoundedinthe12thcentury,withthefoundationofthecityofLbeck吕贝克,whichwouldlaterdominatetheLeague,in11581159.TRADEANDCOMMERCESCIENCETheintellectualrevitalizationofEuropestartedwiththebirthofmedievaluniversities.TheincreasedcontactwiththeIslamicworldinSpainandSicilyduringtheReconquista收复失地运动,andtheByzantineworldandMuslimLevantduringtheCrusades,allowedEuropeansaccesstoscientificArabicandGreektexts,includingtheworksofAristotle,Alhazen阿尔哈曾(阿拉伯数学家、天文学家),andAverroes阿威罗伊.Theperiodsawmajortechnologicaladvances,includingtheadoptionorinventionofwindmills,watermills,printing(thoughnotyetwithmovabletype),gunpowder,theastrolabe星盘,spectacles,scissorsofthemodernshape,abetterclock,andgreatlyimprovedships.ARTSVisualartsArchitectureLiteratureMusicMusicARTSTheLaterMiddleAges,1300-1500THELATERMIDDLEAGES,1300-1500TheLateMiddleAgeswasmarkedbydifficultiesandcalamities灾难includingfamine,plague,andwar,whichsignificantlydiminishedthepopulationofEurope;between1347and1350,theBlackDeathkilledaboutathirdofEuropeans.Controversy,heresy,andtheWesternSchism天主教会大分裂withintheCatholicChurchparalleledtheinterstateconflict,civilstrife,andpeasantrevoltsthatoccurredinthekingdoms.CENTRALEUROPEThegloryoftheKingdomendedintheearly16thcentury,whentheKingLouisIIofHungarywaskilledinthebattleofMohcsin1526againsttheOttomanEmpire.Hungarythenfellintoaseriouscrisisandwasinvaded,endingitssignificanceincentralEuropeduringthemedievalera.LATEMEDIEVALEUROPEANSOCIETYThecolderclimateresultedinagriculturalcrises,thefirstofwhichisknownastheGreatFamineof1315-1317.Thedemographicconsequencesofthisfamine,however,werenotassevereastheplaguesthatoccurredlaterinthecentury,particularlytheBlackDeath.Theeffectsofnaturaldisasterswereexacerbated恶化byarmedconflicts;thiswasparticularlythecaseinFranceduringtheHundredYearsWar.CHRISTIANCONFLICTANDREFORMTheHundredYearsWaristhemoderntermforaseriesofconflictswagedfrom1337to1453bytheHouseofPlantagenet金雀花王朝,rulersoftheKingdomofEngland,againsttheHouseofValois瓦卢瓦王朝,rulersoftheKingdomofFrance,forcontroloftheKingdomofFrance.Eachsidedrewmanyalliesintothewar.ItwasoneofthemostnotableconflictsoftheMiddleAges,inwhichfivegenerationsofkingsfromtworivaldynastiesfoughtforthethroneofthelargestkingdominWesternEurope.Thewarmarkedboththeheightofchivalryanditssubsequentdecline,andthedevelopmentofstrongnationalidentitiesinbothcountries.CHRISTIANCONFLICTANDREFORMBLACKDEATHSpreadoftheBlackDeathinEurope(13461353)ThespreadoftheBlackDeathinEuropeleadtothedeathsofanestimated75to200millionpeopleandpeakedinEuropeintheyears13461353.BLACKDEATHBLACKDEATHBLACKDEATH(SCRIPTOFTHEVIDEOCLIP)TheBlackDeathwastheworstplaguetostrikemedievalEurope,leavingmillionsdeadandirrevocablychangingthesocialandeconomiclandscapeonthecontinent.TheBubonicplagueemergedinAsiainthe1320sand30s,andmigratedwestwards.Bytheyear1347ithadreachedtheByzantinecapitalofConstantinopleandfromtherewascarriedonshipstoplacessuchasCyprus,SicilyandFrance.AyearlatertheplaguewasinEnglandandGermany,andcontinuedtospreadintonorthernandEasternEurope.Theplaguewascarriedbyfleasthatwouldhitchridesonratsandhumans,passingonthedisease.Thosewhowereinfectedwouldquicklybecomeveryillwithbleeding-partsofthebodywouldswellandbecomeblack.Thepatientwouldsoonstartvomitingbloodandwithintwoorthreedaysbedead.TheBlackDeathdevastatedthemedievalworld-estimatesofthedeathtollreachintothehundredsofmillions.InthecityofFlorencethepopulationfellfromoverahundredthousandtolessthanfiftythousand,whileoneLondonaccountsaysthatone-thirdofitspeoplewerekilledbythepandemic.Theplaguehitsomeareasharderthanothers,butveryfewplacesinEuropeweresparred.Medievalpeoplebelievedthatthediseasewasspreadbybadairandsomescholarsspeculatedthattheproblemwasduetoastronomicalevents.MostthoughttherealreasonbehindtheplaguewasthatitwasGodspunishmentforpeoplessins-andsomesoughttoappeaseGodbybuildingchurchesandpractisingpenance赎罪suchasflagellation鞭笞.Otherstriedtofindscapegoats,suchasJewsandlepers麻风病患者,whotheaccusedofpoisoningthewatersupply.IntheGermancityofStrasbourg斯特拉斯堡overtwothousandJewsweremurderedbyangrymobs.Althought
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