职称英语考试综合类B级试题及参考答案.doc
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职称英语考试综合类B级试题及参考答案.doc
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2012年职称英语考试综合类B级试题及参考答案
第一部分:
词汇选项(第1~15题,每题1分,共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号,请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1.Allthewallsinthebuildinghadthesamelayout.
A.size
B.function
C.color
D.arrangment
答案:
D
2.Thestormcausedseveredamage.
A.physical
B.accidental
C.serious
D.enviromental
答案:
C
3.Thewallsaremadeofhollowconcretblocks.
A.big
B.empty
C.long
D.new
答案:
B
4.Ouraimwastoupdatethehealthserviceandwesucceeded.
A.offer
B.provide
C.modernize
D.fund
答案:
C
5.Dowehavetowearthesenametags?
A.lists
B.forms
C.lables
D.codes
答案:
C
6.Joecametothewindowasthecrowdchanted”Joe,Joe,Joe”
A.repeated
B.jumped
C.maintained
D.approached
答案:
A
7.Heinspiredmanyyoungpeopletotakeupsports.
A.encouraged
B.allowed
C.called
D.advised
答案:
A
8.Thecitycenterwaswipedoutbythebomb.
A.covered
B.reduced
C.destroyed
D.moved
答案:
C
9.Mostbabycantakeinawiderangeoffoodeasily.
A.bring
B.digest
C.keep
D.serve
答案:
B
10.AlargcrowdassembledoutsidetheAmericanembassy.
A.watched
B.shouted
C.gathered
D.walked
答案:
C
11.Theweatherwascrispandclearandyoucouldseethemountainsfiftymilesaway.
A.fresh
B.hot
C.heavy
D.windy
答案:
A
12.Whatpuzzlesmeiswhyhisbooksaresopopular.
A.shocks
B.influences
C.confuses
D.concerns
答案:
C
13.Ithink$7adrinkisabitsteep,don’tyou?
A.tight
B.low
C.cheap
D.high
答案:
D
14.Thecontempthefeltforhisfellowstudentswasobvious.
A.need
B.hate
C.love
D.pity
答案:
D
15.Hercommentsaboutmenareutterlyridiculous.
A.slightly
B.partly
C.faintly
D.completely
答案:
D
第二部分:
阅读判断(第16~22题,每题1分,共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息,请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息,请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及,请选择C。
BrotherlyLove
1.Adidasandpumabegantomakeshoesattheendof19thcentury.Wrong
2.Thebrothers’fatherwasaballmaker.Wrong
3.Thebrothersmakeshoesathome.Right
4.Thebrothersarguedabouttheshoes.Wrong
5.Thebrothersdecidedtostarttheirseparatecompaniesafterargument.Right
6.NikemakesmoreshoesthanAdidas.Notmentioned
7.Peopleintownhaveforgottentheirargument.Wrong
第三部分:
概括大意和完成句子(第23~30题,每题1分,共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务:
(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题;
(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。
Howtechnologypushesdownprice(原文有删减)
TheTreatyofBreda,signedin1667afterawarbetweentheEnglishandDutchinwhichtheEnglishwereworsted,gavetheDutchthebigprize:
Run,asmallislandintheIndonesianarchipelagowhichwastheworld'sprincipalsourceofnutmeg.Themarginonnutmegatthetimewasaround3,200%.TheEnglish,asaconsolationprize,gotManhattan.Asanillustrationofthelong-termfallinfoodpricescomparedwithothergoods,thatisasharpone.Butdeflationhascharacterizedthefoodbusinessforcenturies,becauseofcontinualadvancesinfoodproductionanddistributiontechnology.
Consumershavebenefitedgreatlyfromthoseadvances.Malthusians,whosedescendantsuntilquiterecentlypredictedthattheworldwouldrunoutoffood,havetherebybeenconfounded.Moreandmorefoodisbeingproducedbyfewerandfewerpeoplewithlessandlesscapital;itisthereforeevermoreplentifulandcheaper.Sincedemandistosomeextentlimitedbythesizeofpeople'sstomachs,spendingonfoodcomparedwithothergoodshasbeenfallingformanyyears,andcontinuestodrop(seechart4).
Geneticallymodified(GM)seedsarethelatestmanifestationofaproductionrevolutionthatstartedwithCharles“Turnip”Townsend,whointhe18thcenturylaidthebasisforcroprotation.Organicfertiliserswerereplacedbychemicalonesinthe19thcentury.TherailwayopeneduptheAmericanmid-west.Thehorsereplacedthecow,thecombineharvesterthehorse.Afterthesecondworldwar,dwarfvarietiesofwheatandrice(whichovercametheproblemthatheavilyfertilisedcropsinhotcountriesgrewtootallandfellover)boosteddeveloping-countryoutput.The“greenrevolution”helpedtriggeramorerecent“livestockrevolution”,documentedbyChrisDelgado,whoworksjointlyfortheInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstituteandtheInternationalLivestockResearchInstitute.Higherincomesandurbanisation,combinedwithfallingfoodprices,haveboostedmeatandmilkconsumptionindevelopingcountries.By1997,realbeefpriceswereathirdtheirlevelin1971.Overthatperiod,meatconsumptionindevelopingcountriesrosefive-fold,threetimesasfastasindevelopedcountries.Milkconsumptionrosethree-fold.Bythe1980s,advancesinconventionalplantbreedinghadtailedoff,butGMmadeitpossibletodothingswithDNAthatconventionalbreedingcouldnotdo.DespitescaremongeringinEurope,GMtechnologyisspreadingelsewhere:
mostoftheworld'ssoyaisnowGM.Producinglotsoffoodisnotmuchgoodunlessyoucandistributeit,soadvancesindistributiontechnologyhavebeenasimportantasthoseinproductiontechnology.Salt,usedtopreservefood,whichmeantthatitcouldbestoredandtraded,wasanearlyaidtodistribution.Canningarrivedintheearly19thcentury,whenaFrenchmandiscoveredthatfoodcouldbestoredlongerifitwasheatedbeforeitwasbottled,andaBritonworkedoutthattincanswereeasiertotransportthanbottles;andboththeBritishandtheFrencharmiesusedthetechnologytofeedtheirtroopsintheNapoleonicwars.FrancisBacon,aBritishscientistandessayist,wasanearlyvictimofthestruggletodeveloprefrigerationtechnology:
hediedin1626aftereatingsomechickenthathehadstuffedwithsnowaspartofanexperiment.In1877thefirstshiploadoffrozenbeefwascarriedfromArgentinatoFrance.Theimpactonthefoodindustryofthespreadofthedomesticrefrigeratorinthe20thcenturywasrivalledonlybythatofthecar,whichchangedthefaceofretailingbyallowingsupermarketstodevelop.Supermarketshavehelpedpushdownpricesprincipallybecauseoftheirscale.BigbusinessescaninvestinITsystemsthatmakethemefficient.Andtheirsizeallowsthemtobuyinbulk.Themoreconcentratedtheretailbusinessbecomes,thebiggersupermarketsget,thefurtherpricesgetpusheddownuntil,ofcourse,thereissomuchconcentrationthatthereisnotenoughcompetition.Britain'sCompetitionCommissionindicatedearlierthisyearthatthesupermarketindustrywasmovingtowardsthatpoint:
itrefusedtoletanyofthetopthreesupermarketchainsbuyoneofthesmallerplayers.InAmerica,however,wherethesizeofthecountrymeansamorefragmentedretailbusiness,thereisstillscopeforfurtherconcentration:
the“blackdeath”,asWal-Martisknowninthetrade,isexpectedtoclaimmorevictims.Wal-Mart'sscale,theefficiencyofitsITsystemsandthecheapnessofitsnon-unionisedlabourforce($8-10anhourcomparedwith$17-18formid-sizedplayerssuchasAlbertsons,Ahold,SafewayandKroger),giveitamassiveadvantage.ItsellsColgatetoothpasteforanaverageof63%ofitscompetitors'price,Tropicanaorangejuicefor58%andKellogg'sCornFlakesfor56%.Analystsexpectatleastoneofthemid-sizedfirmstodisappear.Theconcentrationofpoweramongretailershasledtoanotherstageintheshiftinpowerdownthefoodchain.Onceuponatime,powerlaywithlandlords.Inthe20thcentury,asprocessinganddistributionbecamemoreimportant,sodidthefoodproducers.LordHaskins,TonyBlair'sadviseronfarming,recallsgoingtofoodindustryconferencesinthe1970s,whentherewouldbealineofRolls-Roycesoutside,allbelongingtoproducers.
Retailerconcentrationhasshiftedpower(andprofits)furtherdownthefoodchainNolonger.Retailerconcentrationhasshiftedpower(andprofits)furtherdownthefoodchain.Buttheretailersarenotthetypetoswankaroundinflashcars.Theyareostentatiouslyparsimonious,advertisingtheirdeterminationtokeeppricesdown.Wal-Mart'sheadquartersinBentonville,Arkansas,isinaconvertedwarehouse.Tesco,Britain'sbiggestprivate-sectoremployer,hasitsheadquartersinaStalinistbunkerinanastybitofnorth-eastLondon.Besidethemainreceptionitssharepriceisproudlydisplayedononeofthoseblackboardswithwhiteplasticlettersstuckontoitthatyouseeinthecheapestsandwichbars.Oneofthemanifestationsofretailers'power(whichalsoreinforcesit)isthegrowthofprivate-label(ie,supermarket-notproducer-branded)goods.In2002,accordingtotheBostonConsultingGroup,own-labelmadeup39%ofgrocerysalesinBritain,21%inFranceandonly16%intheUnitedStates,buteverybodythinksthat,asretailingbecomesmoreconcentrated,AmericaisgoingthewayofBritain.Retailerscansellprivate-labelonlyifthepricecutstheyoffermeanmoretoconsumersthanaproducer'sbrand.Asown-labelhasexpanded,sosupermarketshavebeentakingallbutthemostsuccessfulbrandsofftheirshelves.“Ifyouareamust-havebrandit'sfine,”saysDidoHarding,Tesco'scommercialdirector.“Ifyou'reasub-globalbrand,life'smuchharder.”Theshiftinpowertoretailershasputpressureonproducers'margins,hencehugeprogrammesofcuts.Since2000,Uni-leverhascutitsworkforceby33,000to245,000anddroppedlotsofminorbrandsaspartofits“pathtogrowth”strategy.Cadburyisthelatesttoannouncebigcuts:
inOctoberitsaidthatitwillbeshutting20%ofits133factoriesandcutting10%ofits55,000globalworkforce.Thesecutsshouldhelpkeepcosts,andthusthepriceoffood,low.Doescheapfoodmakep
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