现代英语词汇学概论7-Sense-relations-between-words.ppt
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现代英语词汇学概论7-Sense-relations-between-words.ppt
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2021/6/7,1,ChapterVIISenseRelationsBetweenWords,2021/6/7,2,TeachingContents,I.Synonymy1.Definition2.Kinds3.Patterns4.UseII.Antonymy1.Definition2.Types3.Relevantpoints4.UseIII.HyponymyIV.SemanticField,2021/6/7,3,KeyPoints,I.Synonymy1.Definition2.Kinds3.Patterns4.UseII.Antonymy1.Definition2.Typesanddifferentiation4.UseIII.Hyponymy1.Definition2.UseIV.SemanticField1.Definition2.Features,2021/6/7,4,DifficultPoints,1.Differentiationanduseofsynonyms2.Charicteristicsofanddifferencesbetweenthethreekindsofantonyms,2021/6/7,5,.Synonymy(同义关系):
Relationshipbetweensynonyms,1.Definitionofsynonyms(同义词):
Synonymsarebetterdefinedaswordshavingthesameessentialorgenericmeaning,thatis,denotativemeaning,anddifferinginconnotation,application,oridiomaticuse,etc.,2021/6/7,6,2.Kindsofsynonyms:
1.)Complete/absolutesynonyms(完全同义词):
wordswhosemeaningisfullyidenticalinanycontextsothatonecanalwaysbesubstitutedfortheotherwithouttheslightestchangeinmeaning.spirant&fricative摩擦音(phonetics)word-formation&word-building构词(lexicology)compounding&composition复合构词法(lexicology)malnutrition&undernourishment营养不良(medicine)caecitis&typhlitis盲肠炎(medicin),2021/6/7,7,2.)Relativesynonyms(相对同义词;近义词)Quasi-synonymouswords:
indegreeofagivenqualityorinshadeofmeaning(语义色彩)Differenceindegreeofagivenquality:
1.Mybedroomissmallerthanyours.2.Fleasaretinyinsects.3.Thediminutivesuffix-lingin“duckling”denotesaffection.4.Theofficeisminute,withbarelyroomforadeskandtwochairs.5.amicroscopicplant6.Thebodysannualintakeofmetallicironisinfinitesimal.,2021/6/7,8,Differenceinshadeofmeaning:
1.declineaninvitationtodinner2.thosewhoacceptedtheofferandthosewhorejectedit3.refuseachildpermissiontogoout,2021/6/7,9,inaffectivemeaning,andstylisticmeaning:
Differenceinaffectivemeaning:
asmallroompoorlittleboy,2021/6/7,10,Appreciative/Favourablethrifty/frugal(节俭的)bravery(勇敢,勇气)firm(坚定的,坚决的)intellectual(知识分子)black(黑人),Derogatory/Unfavourableniggardly/miserly(吝啬的)foolhardiness(蛮勇)pigheaded(顽固的)egghead(书呆子)nigger(黑鬼),2021/6/7,11,Differenceinstylisticmeaning:
man(neutral)chap/fellow/bird(colloquial)guy/bozo(slang)gent(vulgar/jocular),2021/6/7,12,incollocationanddistributionDifferenceincollocation:
sailasmallboat驾驶小船teacharithmetic教算术scholarlyintelligence学者的智慧offeringtoachurch向教堂捐赠,navigatealiner驾驶客轮inculcatedoctrine谆谆教诲animalcunning动物的狡猾doletotheunemployed救济失业者,2021/6/7,13,Differenceindistribution:
Heisthegreatestlivingscientist.Heisthegreatestscientistalive.Dontdisturbthesleepingoldladyinthenextroom.Dontdisturbtheoldladyasleepinthenextroom.,2021/6/7,14,3.Patternsofsynonyms:
1.)Thedoublescalepattern:
native(informal)-borrowed(learned)EnglishLatinbodilycorporealfriendshipamityheartycordialmotherlymaternaltotiretofatigue,2021/6/7,15,native(literary)-borrowed(common)EnglishLatindalevalleydeedactionfoeenemymeedreward,2021/6/7,16,2.)Thetriplescalepattern:
native-borrowed-anotherborrowedEnglishFrenchLatinaskquestioninterrogatefastfirmsecurefireflameconflagrationfearterrortrepidationgoodnessvirtueprobityholysacredconsecratedrisemountascendtimeageepoch,2021/6/7,17,4.Useofsynonyms:
1.)Thechoiceanduseofsynonyms:
Avoidingrepetition:
Weweregreatly(much)surprisedtoseesogreat(large)anumberofpeopleassembled,evidentlyforsomegreat(important)occasion.,2021/6/7,18,Achievingprecisioninmeaning:
Totakeoffherbootsortoputthemonwasanagony(verygreatmentalorphysicalpain)toher,butithadbeenanagonyforyears.Infact,shewassoaccustomedtothepain(sufferingordistressofbodyormind)thatherfacewasdrawnandscrewedupreadyforthetwinge(asudden,brief,dartingpain)beforeshedsomuchasuntiedthelaces.,2021/6/7,19,Achievingvarietyinstyle:
AsyetIhadspokentonoone,nordidanybodyseemtotakenoticeofme;Istoodlonely(a.)enough,buttothatfeelingofisolation(n.)Iwasaccustomed,2021/6/7,20,Avoidingvulgarnessoroffendingothersgrave-restingplacetolie-todistortthefactsdrunk-elevated,2021/6/7,21,Usedforemphasis:
Therearetemporarysetbacksandreverses.Wehavebutoneaimandonesingle,irrevocablepurpose.Hehassolongthrivedandprospered.Wewillneverparley,wewillnevernegotiate,2021/6/7,22,2)Synonymalsoincludesthreeaspects:
Synonymsofdifferentword-classes:
jealous&jealousyWordssynonymouswithphrases:
totolerate&toputupwithDifferentsentencepatternsexpressingroughlythesameidea:
Hewasthesoleproviderofthefamily.Healonehadtosupportthefamily.Hewastheonlypersontoprovideforthefamily.,2021/6/7,23,3)Fakesynonyms:
havingnosimilaroridenticaldenotativemeaningdoubt&suspect:
怀疑,疑心object&oppose反对,2021/6/7,24,II.Antonymy:
Relationshipbetweenantonyms(oppositenessofmeaning),1.Definitionofantonyms:
Wordsthatareopposite,2021/6/7,25,2.Typesofantonyms:
1.)Accordingtosemanticcontrast(语义对比):
Contraries相对性反义词Complementaries互补反义词Conversives换位反义词2.)Accordingtomorphologicalstructure(形态结构):
Rootantonyms词根反义词Derivationalantonyms派生反义词,2021/6/7,26,1.)Accordingtosemanticcontrast(语义对比):
Contraries相对性反义词/gradedantonyms:
rich&poorheavy&lightdeep&shallow,2021/6/7,27,Gradability可分级性:
degreeofthequalityinvolved:
richveryrichricherrichestRelativity相对性:
intermediatetermsbetweenthetwoopposites:
rich-well-to-do-well-off-moderatelywealthy-comfortablyoff-hardup-poor,2021/6/7,28,Othercontraries:
fool&wiseman(n.)tolove&tohate(v.)up&down(ad.)afew&many(determiner),2021/6/7,29,Complementaries互补反义词Contradictories词义矛盾/对立性反义词:
alive&deadsingle&marriedcomplementariespresent&absent,2021/6/7,30,BinarysemanticoppositionAbsoluteness绝对性:
theassertionofoneimplyingthedenialoftheotherBeingnongradable:
neithermodifiedbyadverbsnorhandledintermsofcomparisonandadmittingnointermediatemembersThiswomanisneitheralivenordead.(F)Thiswomanisneitherrichnorpoor.(T),2021/6/7,31,Conversives换位反义词Relationalopposites相对关系词/关系对立词:
lend&borrowhusband&wifeemployer&employee,2021/6/7,32,BinaryoppositionInterdependenceofmeaningonememberpresupposestheotherThedefinitionofreciprocalsocialrolesSpatialrelationship,2021/6/7,33,2.)Accordingtomorphologicalstructure(形态结构):
Rootantonyms词根反义词:
wordswithdifferentrootsDeep&shallowTolove&tohateUp&down,2021/6/7,34,Derivationalantonyms派生反义词:
wordswiththesamerootshavingnegativeaffixes,HappyunhappyConformistNonconformist,CodeDecodeHarmfulharmless,2021/6/7,35,3.Relevantpointsaboutantonyms:
1.)Marked(有标记项)Unmarkedmembers(无标记项):
UnmarkedmemberstigeroldbigwideheavyCarryingnoparticularimplication(general笼统的)Howbigisit?
sizeofsomething,MarkedmemberstigressyoungsmallnarrowlightCarryingacertainimplicationofdistinctiveness(specific具体的)Howsmallisit?
degreeofsmallness,2021/6/7,36,2.)Somewordswithoutantonyms:
Notallwordshaveantonyms.AntonymsarefoundinQualitativeadjectives:
clean&dirtySomenouns:
love&hatredSomeverbs:
toagree&todisagreeSomeadverbs:
loudly&softlyDeterminers:
few&many,2021/6/7,37,3.)Differentantonymsunderdifferentcircumstances:
Polysemicword:
fast(fixedfirmly)-loose/insecurefast(steadfast,loyal)-disloyalfast(dissipated,pleasureseeking)-temperate,sober,moderate),2021/6/7,38,Differentcontexts:
anoldman-ayoungmananoldhouse-amodern/newhouse,2021/6/7,39,Differentcollocations:
freshbread-stalebreadfreshair-stuffyairfreshflowers-fadedflowers,2021/6/7,40,Thesamecollocations:
aclever(quickinlearning)worker-astupidworkeraclever(skillfiul)worker-aclumsyworker,2021/6/7,41,4.)Lexicalantonymsvs.syntacticnegation:
impossible-notpossibleunfair-notfairStronger,2021/6/7,42,5.)Wordorderofantonymouspairs:
heavenandearthfireandwatermanandwifeheatandcoldcauseandeffecteatanddrinkthesameastheoppositeoftheChineseChinesecounterpartequivalents,2021/6/7,43,4.Useofantonyms:
Usecontrastofantonymstoimpressthelistenerorreader.Antithesis对偶Sweetashoney,bitterasgall.Artislong,lifeisshort.,2021/6/7,44,III.Hyponymy(上下义关系):
Hyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems,suchthattheformerisincludedinthelatter.Thegenerallexicalitem:
vague&triteasuperordinateterm(支配词,上义词,同类概括词)anuppertermThespecificlexicalitem:
vivid&preciseasubordinatetermalowertermhyponym(受支配词,下义词),2021/6/7,45,Foodmeatvegetablefruitbeefporkmuttonceleryspinachcabbageappleorangepeach,2021/6/7,46,IV.SemanticField(语义场),ItwasdevelopedinEuropeinthe1930s,especiallybyJostTrier.Thevocabularyisnotsimplyalistingofindependentitems,butisorganizedintoareas,orfields,withinwhichwordsinterrelateanddefineeachotherinvariousways.Red,green,blue,white,orange,etc.thesemanticfieldofcoloursFather,mother,son,daughter,etc.thesemanticfieldofkinship,2021/6/7,47,Featuresofthewordsinthesamesemanticfield1.)Wordfrequencyvaries.thesemanticfieldofcolour:
white-pink-lemon2.)Wordsarenotsynonymous.thesemanticfieldoffruit:
apple,pear,orange3.)Wordshavecollocationsincommon.thesemanticfieldofmeat:
porkstew/frybeefmutton,2021/6/7,48,Assignments,ReviewChapterPreviewChapter,部分资料从网络收集整理而来,供大家参考,感谢您的关注!
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- 现代 英语 词汇学 概论 Sense relations between words