HND国际实物配送.doc
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HND国际实物配送.doc
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1Transportationmodes
Mode
Totalmodecost
Costperpallet
Transit
time
Advantages
Disadvantages
Sea
620
24.8
7days
Cheapandlargecapacity
Slowandhighrisks
Air
1265
253
4hours
Fastandsecure
Expensiveandfinitecapacity
Rail
1275
51
2days
Fastandlargecapacity
Lessflexibleandneedrailroad
Directroad
1350
67.5
3days
Betterforshippedandconvenient
Smallcapacityandexpensive
Multi-mode
1185
47.4
7days18hours
Reducehandingofcargoandquickertransittimes
Costofinvestmentishigh
Takeseaasanexample,becausetheshippingrequires25palletsandthetotalcostis620,thecostperpalletis620/25=24.8.Inthesimilarway,otherresultalsocanbecalculated,excepttheMulti-mode.TheMulti-mode’costis1185including125,620,295,and145,thusthecostperpalletis1185/25=47.4.
Airtransportationisoptimumchoice.Airtransportationcanusetheleasttimetoconveygoodsduetofasterspeed.Besides,italsoensuresthesecuritytoalargeextentrelatively.However,italsohassomedisadvantages.Airtransportationhasexpensivecost,andairportisdistantfrommunicipalcenter.
Seatransportationalsocanbechosen.Thoughitistheslowestmethodandvulnerabletobadweatherinocean,itisthelowestexpensesoffreightandcarriesthelargestquantities.
AngusGlenalsocanselectrail.Railhasalargecapacityandislessrefrainedbybadweather.Railhasthesedisadvantages,itisnotmuchflexibleandcannotworkwithoutrailroad.
2Consignmentdeliveryterm
FCA
FreeCarrier
(namedplaceofdelivery)
Atradetermrequiringthesellertodelivergoodsnamedairport,terminal,orotherplacewherecarrieroperates.Costlosstransferbuyerandriskoflosstransfertothebuyerafterdelivertothecarriers.Thesellerfulfilshisobligationdeliverwhenhehashandedgoodsover,clearedforexport,intothechargeofthecarriernamednamedbythebuyeratthenamedplace.Whenusedtradeterms,word“free”meanssellerhasanobediencetodelivergoodsnamedplacefortransfertocarrier(store.iccwbo.org,2016).
FOB
FreeOnBoard
(namedportofshipment)
atermininternationalcommerciallawspecifyingatwhatpointthesellertransfersownershipofthegoodstothebuyer.UndertheIncoterms2010standardpublishedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce,FOBisonlyusedinnon-containerizedseafreight,andalsodefinesownershiptransfer.Theownerofthegoodsisresponsiblefordamageorlossduringtransport,sothepointofownershiptransferisimportant(store.iccwbo.org,2016).
CIF
Cost,Insurance&Freight
(namedportofdestination)
ThistermisbroadlysimilartotheaboveCFRterm,withtheexceptionthatthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceforthegoodswhileintransittothenamedportofdestination.CIFrequiresthesellertoinsurethegoodsfor110%oftheirvalueunderatleasttheminimu)mcoveroftheInstituteCargoClausesoftheInstituteofLondonUnderwriters,oranysimilarsetofclauses.Thepolicyshouldbeinthesamecurrencyasthecontract.CIFcanbeusedbyanytransportbyseaandairnotlimitedtocontainerizedornon-containerizedcargoandincludesallchargesuptotheport/terminalofentrance.CIPcoversadditionalchargesattheport/terminalofentrance(store.iccwbo.org,2016).
CPT
CarriagePaidto(namedplaceofdestination)
Thesellerpaysforthecarriageofthegoodsuptothenamedplaceofdestination.However,thegoodsareconsideredtobedeliveredwhenthegoodshavebeenhandedovertothefirstormaincarrier,sothattherisktransferstobuyeruponhandinggoodsovertothatcarrierattheplaceofshipmentinthecountryofExport.Thesellerisresponsiblefororigincostsincludingexportclearanceandfreightcostsforcarriagetothenamedplaceofdestination.Ifthebuyerrequiresthesellertoobtaininsurance,theIncotermCIPshouldbeconsideredinstead(store.iccwbo.org,2016).
CIP
CarriageandInsurancePaidto(namedplaceofdestination)
CIPrequiresthesellertoinsurethegoodsfor110%ofthecontractvalueunderatleasttheminimumcoveroftheInstituteCargoClausesoftheInstituteofLondonUnderwritersoranysimilarsetofclauses.Thepolicyshouldbeinthesamecurrencyasthecontract,andshouldallowthebuyer,theseller,andanyoneelsewithaninsurableinterestinthegoodstobeabletomakeaclaim.
CIPcanbeusedforallmodesoftransport,whereastheIncotermCIFshouldonlybeusedfornon-containerisedseafreight(store.iccwbo.org,2016).
DAT
DeliveredAtTerminal(namedterminalatportorplaceofdestination)
ThisIncotermrequiresthatthesellerdeliversthegoods,unloaded,atthenamedterminal.Thesellercoversallthecostsoftransport(exportfees,carriage,unloadingfrommaincarrieratdestinationportanddestinationportcharges)andassumesallriskuntilarrivalatthedestinationportorterminal.
TheterminalcanbeaPort,Airport,orinlandfreightinterchange,butmustbeafacilitywiththecapabilitytoreceivetheshipment.
Allchargesafterunloadingaretobebornebybuyer.However,itisimportanttonotethatanydelayordemurragechargesattheterminalwillgenerallybefortheseller'saccount(store.iccwbo.org,2016).
DAP
DeliveredAtPlace(namedplaceofdestination)
UnderDAPterms,theriskpassesfromsellertobuyerfromthepointofdestinationmentionedinthecontractofdelivery.
Oncegoodsarereadyforshipment,thenecessarypackingiscarriedoutbythesellerathisowncost,sothatthegoodsreachtheirfinaldestinationsafely.Allnecessarylegalformalitiesintheexportingcountryarecompletedbythesellerathisowncostandrisktoclearthegoodsforexport(store.iccwbo.org,2016).
DDP
DeliveredDutyPaid(namedplaceofdestination)
Sellerisresponsiblefordeliveringthegoodstothenamedplaceinthecountryofthebuyer,andpaysallcostsinbringingthegoodstothedestinationincludingimportdutiesandtaxes.Thesellerisnotresponsibleforunloading.Thistermisoftenusedinplaceofthenon-IncotermFreeInStore.Thistermplacesthemaximumobligationsonthesellerandminimumobligationsonthebuyer.Noriskorresponsibilityistransferredtothebuyeruntildeliveryofthegoodsatthenamedplaceofdestination(store.iccwbo.org,2016).
Incoterm2010
Export-
Customsdeclaration
Carriagetoportofexport
Unloadingoftruckinportofexport
Loadingchargesinportofexport
Carriage(SeaFreight/AirFreight)toportofimport
Unloadingchargesinportofimport
Loadingontruckinportofimport
Carriagetoplaceofdestination
Insurance
Importcustomsclearance
Importtaxes
EXW
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
FCA
Seller
Seller
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
FOB
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
Buyer
CPT
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Buyer
Buyer
CIF
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Buyer
Buyer
Seller
Buyer
Buyer
CIP
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Buyer
Buyer
DAT
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Buyer
Buyer
DAP
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Buyer
Buyer
DDP
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Seller
Forincoterms’importance,itcanensurethattransactionsarefinishedsuccessfullyandsafely.Bynegotiating,sellersandbuyerscansigncontractcontainingrightanddutyandotherpertinentitem.Italsoexplicitlyshowsthepriceandcostbetweenbuyersandsellers.Ingeneral,buyersshouldpaycost,freightandinsurance.Itisgoodforsolvingconflict.Intheend,incotermsisbeneficialforrelevantagenciestocarryoutoperationalactivities
3Consolidationandgroupagearrangement
Groupage
Less-than-containerload(LCL)isashipmentthatisnotlargeenoughtofillastandardcargocontainer.TheabbreviationLCLformerlyappliedtolessthancarloadforquantitiesofmaterialfromdifferentshippersorfordeliverytodifferentdestinationscarriedinasinglerailwaycarforefficiency.LCLfreightwasoftensortedandredistributedintodifferentrailwaycarsatintermediaterailwayterminalsenroutetothefinaldestination.(Henry,RobertSelph(1942))
LCLis"aquantityofcargolessthanthatrequiredfortheapplicationofacarloadrate.Aquantityofcargolessthanthatfillsthevisibleorratedcapacityofaninter-modalcontainer.Itcanalsobedefinedasaconsignmentofcargowhichisinefficienttofillashippingcontainer.Itisgroupedwithotherconsignmentsforthesamedestinationinacontaineratacontainerfreightstation.[2]
Consolidation
PeopletakeaboveGroupage’scontainerstosamewarehousetopreservetogether.Then,carryingthemtodifferentboataccordingtothesecontainer’sdestination,forexample,thereare5containersand2boat.If2containers’destinationistheU.S,theywillbecarriedonAboat.Ifanother3containersistoUK,theywillbecarriedonBboat.
Circumstanceswhentheycouldbeused
Thegroupageoftenisnormallyusedbythesea,railanddirectroad.Itsnumberisnotlargeandthegoodshavenorigoroustimerequirements.
Consolidationisfitforairtransportationandcarriesnecessities,thuswhensomeemergencieshappensortransportationneedlesstime,theconsolidationwillbeused.Itacknowledgesthegeneralproductsinsteadoftheexceptionalproducts
Costeffectivepalletloadlevel
Bythepart1,thechoiceisdirectroadwhoseco
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- 关 键 词:
- HND 国际 实物 配送