Why nothing works最新版本精品课件.pptx
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Why nothing works最新版本精品课件.pptx
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Unit5WhyNothingWorksbyMarvinHarrisShabby:
破烂的Shoddy:
madeordonecheaplyandbadly,usu.tolooklikesth.betterMarvinHarris(1927-2001)GeneralistAnthropologistMainIdeaIttracesthecauseoftheshoddygoodsproblemandanalyzedthemainreasonfromthepointofviewoftheanthropologist.theabsenceofanintimate,permanentandcaringrelationshipbetweenmanufacturerandcustomers.Effect-causepatternTheproblemofshoddygoodsMajorCause?
(theabsenceofanintimate,permanent,andcaringrelationshipbetweenmanufacturerandconsumer)BroadQuestionWhichfactordoesheregardasprimary,humanortechnology?
Why?
Effectcausepara.5MoneyrelationshipIncontrastPara.2-4Intimate,permanent,andcaringreflectionThesisstatement:
Qualitydemandsintelligent,motivatedhumanthoughtthroughactionStructureExposition:
CauseandEffectexemplification,illustrationandcontrasttodevelopatopicthroughacausalanalysisWritingtechniqueVocabulary1.attribute(sth.)to(sb.):
beingtheresultof/comingfrom-ThissongisusuallyattributedtoBach.这首歌通常被认为是巴和所作。
-Susanattributeshersuccesstohardwork.2.Savantsvnt:
alearnedman3.corollary|krlr(fml):
naturalconsequenceorresult-thecorollarytosb.sargument某人论据推断的结果4.shoddy:
ofpoorqualityorbadlymade劣质的/粗制滥造的5.forestall:
preventordefeat(apersonorhisplans)byactingfirst(用先发制人的手段)预先阻止6.dothetrick:
(informal)tofulfillonespurposeorintention(口)有效,达到目的E.g.:
Thismedicineoughttodothetrick.7.seaworthy:
(ofaship)ingoodconditionandfitforaseavoyage适于航海,适航行8.Evoke:
bringforth,callup,causesthtoberememberedorexpressedE.g.:
Thesongsevokedmemoriesofmyschooldays.9.Fashion:
v.makeorshapesth,usinghandsonlyorafewtoolsAfromB;BintoA:
10.Alinationfrom:
separationfromTheoriginalMurphyslawreads:
Iftherearetwoormorewaystodosomething,andoneofthosewayscanresultinacatastrophe(大灾难),thensomeonewilldoit.EdwardA.Murphy,Jr.Paragraph1Q&AWhatroledoesMurphysLawplayinHarrisswriting?
WhichsentenceinPara.1tellsusthatHarristhinkMurphysLawisirresistible?
Whatdoes“input”meaninLine8?
CorollariestoMurphysLawsuggestthemselvesascluestotheshoddygoodsproblem:
-FromMurphysLawwemayfindanswerstotheproblemofbadlymadegoods.根据一位仅知其名为墨菲的学者所归纳的法则,“任何东西如果会出毛病的话,它迟早要出毛病的.据此得出的推论可以有助于解释次品问题:
会出故障的终归要出故障;会散架的终归会散架;会停止运转的终归要停止运转。
虽然墨菲的理论不能被完全推翻,但是效应通常可以推迟发生。
untiladecentintervalhaselapsed:
-untilasufficientlylongperiodoftimehaspassed.decent:
“proper;sociallyacceptable,”e.g.decentbehavior,decentclothingadecentinterval:
longenoughforpeopletoacceptasproperElapse:
vi.slipby;pass(时间)流逝n.thepassingoftimeFivemonthshaveelapsedsincehejoinedthearmy.Theymetagainafteranelapseofmanyyears.多年后又相逢。
(ll.5-7)“Muchofhuman.elapsedaftertheirmanufacture.”Peoplespendmuchoftheirlifetimetryinghardtokeepthingsingoodshape.Theythinkthataproduct,afterleavingitsfactory,shouldlastatleastareasonablylongperiodbeforeceasingtowork.人类在其生存中花费大量的时间和精力,力图保证其生产的物品能在尽可能长时间里不失灵、不散架、不停止运行。
commitment:
devotion,dedicationcommitted(inthiscontext)obligationordeterminationtoforestallMurphysLaw.ForestallingMurphysLaw:
-preventingMurphysLawfromtakingeffect.(LL.7-8)“Forestallingcommitment.”DelayingtheeffectofMurphysLawthataffectproductsdemandshumanwisdom,skill,anddevotedness.要阻止墨菲定律作用于我们的产品,需要我们发挥才智、施展技能,有责任心。
gadget:
asmallusefulandwell-designedtoolormachine小器具,小配件agadgetforopeningcans开罐器beSubjectto-begovernedorcontrolledby-beproneto常遭受achildwhoissubjecttocolds易感冒的孩子Yourvacationissubjecttotheweather.你的假期可视天气变化而决定。
.Gaugeged:
标准尺,量表E.g.airpressuregauge气压计Oilgauge:
油表begaugedbyMaintenance:
维修,保养1.MurphysLaweffect:
theshoddygoodsproblem(Paragraph1)2.Cause:
humanratherthantechnological(Paragraphs25)Illustration:
artifactsusedbysimplepre-industrialsocieties(para.2)Thesourceofquality:
socialrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer(para.3).Contrast:
thewidedifferenceinthequalityofproductsmadebytheproducerforhimselforhiskinandofthosemadeforunknownusers(para.45)DevicesusedinExpositionMainideaDeviceUsedPara.2QualityisindependentofexamplePara.3technologytheformationofsocialformationbetweenproducerandconsumerprocessPara.4.para.5Intimate,permanent,caringmoneyrelationshipcontrastQ&A4.WhydoesHarristhinkthatpeoplenowadayshonorthelabel“handmade”?
5.Findoutthedevicesusedintheexpositorywritinginthisparagraph.Paragraph2Artifact:
人工制品;手工艺品E.g.:
Variousartifactsofprehistorictimeswerediscoveredduringtheexcavation.Dispel:
remove(falsebelief,doubt,fear)byprovingthemwrong驱散,赶跑E.g.:
Hisencouragingwordsdispelledallmydoubtsaboutmyowninability.+notion/belief/doubt/fearchinaPottery-making陶艺制作Canoe独木舟,小划子Basket-weavingDwindle|dwndlv.becomegraduallylessorsmallere.g.HismoneyawaytonothingwhiletravelinginEurope.(away)(tonothing)Breed:
atypeoforaparticularkindof(animal,people)回顾一下史前和工业化前人类的物质文明有助于阐述我的观点。
只有去摆放着史前社会人工制品的博物馆参观一下,就足以驳倒质量取决于技术的观点。
那些人工制品虽然设计简单甚至原始,但是制造出就能满足设想的作用,而且可靠,耐用终身。
当我们看重“手工制作”的标签,愿意为日渐减少的工匠们制作的珠宝、衣服和手袋多花钱时,我们承认质量不取决于技术。
Q&AWhatisthesourceofqualityinPara.3?
Paragraph3PomoIndians婆摩印第安人aborigines土著人agriculture&basketryEskimosandtheirskinboatsEskimosandtheirskinboatsEskimosandtheirskinboats1)Kayak:
爱斯基摩划子:
爱斯基摩人的一种防水独木舟,由一种轻的木框组成,木框除中心有一两处开口外全部用皮覆盖,这种划子是用两叶桨推动的.2)Umiak:
爱斯基摩皮筏:
一种爱斯基摩大型皮制敞舱船,用木架撑开,通常用短桨划动.Weave:
wove,woven编,织,编制划分主干:
Whatisthesourceofquality(thatonefinds,letussay,inPomoIndianbasketsotightlywoventhatitwasusedtoholdboilingwaterandneverleakedadrop,oranEskimoskinboatwithitsmatchlesscombinationoflightness,strength,andseaworthiness)?
质量是怎么来的?
打个比方,婆摩印第安人的篮子编制得非常紧实,可以盛开水,而且滴水不漏;爱斯基摩人的兽皮船兼有轻盈、结实、抗风浪等无与伦比的特点,那么这种质量的来源是什么?
(ll.25-27)“Inunskilledoruncaringhandsmachines.“Ifahandmadebasketorboatismadebyaninexperiencedorirresponsibleworker,itmaybreakdownaseasilyasmachine-madebasketsorboats.由一双缺乏技巧,或缺乏爱心的手编出来的篮子或造出来的船会和及其制作出来的篮子和船一样散架。
Oneandthesame:
exactlythesameKin:
(infml.)(Kinsfolk/kinfolk):
relativesnextofkin(fml.):
近亲projectile:
anobjectorweaponthatisshotforward,especiallyfromagun,orthatshootsitselfforward抛射体,射弹;抛射的Bark:
树皮bandn.agroupofpeopleformedforsomecommonpurposeandoftenwithaleaderSpear矛Bow&arrows弓箭bartern.Uexchangeofgoodsforothergoodswithoutusingmoney作物物交换,以货换货Vt.物物交换intimate:
havingorawarmorfriendlyatmospherepermanent:
固定的;永恒的chinaPottery-making陶艺制作Canoe独木舟,小划子Basket-weavingHarristakeshisreadersthroughtwodevelopmentalstagesofwhathetermsas“prehistory”inpara.3.whatarethey?
1)peoplemadethingsforthemselvesandfortheirclosekins2)peopleobtainedmanythingsthroughbarterandtradeWhatremainedunchangedinthesetwostages?
theproducerandtheconsumer:
intimate,permanentandcaringQ&APara.3WhatisillustratedorexemplifiedIllustrationsandexamplesprovidedQualityisnotdependentontechnologyalone.PomoIndianbasketandEskimoskinboatProducersandconsumerswereeitheroneandthesameindividualorclosekinthatguaranteedthehighestdegreeofreliabilityanddurabilityMenmadetheirownspears,bowsandarrows,andprojectilepoints;womenwovetheirownbasketsandoffiber.AndthewholeofPara.4CraftspecialtiesadoptedbydifferentmembersofthebandorvillagePottery-making,basket-weaving,canoe-building质量是怎么来的?
打个比方,婆摩印第安人的篮子编制非常紧实,可以盛开水,而且滴水不漏;爱斯基摩人的兽皮船兼有轻盈、结实、抗风浪等无与伦比的特点,那么这种质量的来源是什么?
仅仅是因为它们是手工制品吗?
我认为不是。
由一双缺乏技巧,或缺乏爱心的手编出来的篮子或造出来的船会和及其制作出来的篮子和船一样散架。
我认为我们之所以看重“手工制作”的标签是因为它不仅仅引发了生产者和产品之间的技术关系,还引发了生产者和消费者之间的社会关系。
众观史前,不难发现生产者和消费者是同一个人,或是同一群人,或者是很近的亲缘关系,所以保证了制品有很高的耐用性。
男人制造他们自己的矛、弓箭及箭头。
妇女们编织出她们自用的篮子和网兜,用兽皮、树皮和纤维缝制自己的衣服。
后来,随着工艺的发展和物质文明的日益丰富,部落和村庄里的不同成员也从事瓷器制造、篮子编织和独木舟制作之类的工艺行业。
尽管许多物品只是通过以货易货来获取的,生产者与消费者之间的关系仍然是密切、持久和7.CanyouidentifythetopicsentenceofPara.4?
Whatfunctiondoesitperforminthisessay?
Q&AParagraph4rot-rotten-rotten使腐烂e.g.Candywillrotyourteeth.Parka:
ashortcoatwithaprotectivecover风雪大衣,派克大衣thestateoftheart:
工艺水平Paragraph5Massproduction大规模生产Massmarketing大规模销售Distribution:
运销,经销Divisionoflabor:
劳动分工Layer:
层,阶层Foreman:
领班,工头,陪审团主席Payroll:
Alistofemployeesreceivingwagesorsalaries,withtheamountsduetoeach.薪金名册:
雇员名单theintimatesentimentalandpersonalbonds:
-thecloseemotionalandperson-to-personrelationship亲密的情感和个人纽带Wither:
becomeweakerorshrink.Plants,trees,flowersmayallwitheraway,andsomayoneshope,whenonebecomeshopeless.(LL.46-49)“Inoureraofrelationships.”Inourtimesofproducingandsellinggoodsinlargeamounts,qualityisusuallyaproblembecausethecloseemotionalandinterpersonalrelationshipswhichinthepastmadeusresponsibletoeachotherandtoourgoodshavebecomelessandlessstrongandgivenwaytomoneyrelationship.在我们这个工业化批量生产和批量销售的时代,质量始终是个问题,因为曾经使我们要对他人或产品负责的亲密感情和个人纽带已经逐渐消失,慢慢被金钱关系所取代。
beinvolvedin:
涉及;专心Hence:
因此,所以,从此Alienatev.estrangesb使疏远、使孤立sb(fromsb/sth)Sabotagen.U阴谋破坏,蓄意破坏V.practiceonThesecretagentwasarrestedonachargeof.Thelargerthecompanyandthemorecomplexitsdivisionoflabor,thegreaterthesumofuncaringrelationshipandhencethegreatertheeffectofMurphysLaw.公司的规模越大,机构分支越多,相互关系就越疏远,墨菲定律的效应因此也越明显。
相比之下,人们很难去关心陌生人或陌生人所使用的产品。
在我们这个工业化批量生产和批量销售的时代,质量始终是个问题,因为曾经使我们要对他人或产品负责的亲密感情和个人纽带已经逐渐消失,慢慢被金钱关系所取代。
不仅生产者和消费者是素不相识、连工作在生产和分配各个环节的人管理人员、现场工人、办公室助理人员、销售人员-相互之间都是陌生人。
在一些大公司,有成千上万的人为同一件产品而工作,他们从未谋面,也不知道彼此的姓名。
公司的规模越大,机构分支越多,相互关系就越疏远,墨菲定律的效应因此也越明
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