TPO51托福阅读passage1:Origins-of-the-Megaliths原文文本+真题答案.doc
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TPO51托福阅读passage1:Origins-of-the-Megaliths原文文本+真题答案.doc
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TPO51托福阅读passage1:
OriginsoftheMegaliths原文文本+真题答案
第一篇:
考古类
OriginsoftheMegaliths
Sincethedaysoftheearliestantiquarians,scholarshavebeenpuzzledbythemanyNeolithic(~4000B.C.~2200B.C.)communaltombsknownasmegalithsalong
Europe'sAtlanticseaboard.Althoughconsiderablevariationsarefoundinthearchitecturalformoftheseimpressivemonuments,thereisageneraloverridingsimilarityindesignand,particularly,intheuseofmassivestones.
TheconstructionofsuchlargeandarchitecturallycomplextombsbyEuropeanbarbariansstruckearlyprehistoriansasunlikely.TheBronzeAgeseafaringcivilizationsthatlivedintheregionoftheAegeanSea(~3000B.C.~1000B.C.),amongwhomcollectiveburialandadiversityofstone-builttombswereknown,seemedaprobablesourceofinspiration.ItwassuggestedthatAegeanpeoplehadvisitedIberiainsouthwesternEuropeinsearchofmetaloresandhadintroducedtheideaofcollectiveburialinmassivetombs,whichthenspreadnorthwardtoBrittany,Britain,NorthGermany,andScandinavia.
RadiocarbondatesforafortifiedsettlementofmegalithbuildersatLosMillaresinSpainappearedtoconfirmthispicture,thoughdatesformegalithsinBrittanyseemedtooearly.Whencalibrated,however,itbecameclearthatradiocarbondateswereuniversallytooearlytosupportaBronzeAgeAegeanorigin.ItisnowclearthatthemegalithsareawesternandnorthernEuropeaninvention,notanintroducedidea.Evenso,theyarestillasubjectofspeculationandinquiry.Whatinducedtheirbuilderstoinvestmassiveeffortsinerectingsuchmonumentaltombs?
Howwasthenecessarylaborforceassembled?
Whatunderliestheirstrikingsimilarities?
OneanswertothelastquestionwasproposedbyProfessorGrahameClark,oneof
Britain'sgreatestprehistorians.InvestigatingthemegalithsofsouthernSweden,henotedthatonegroupwasconcentratedincoastallocationsfromwhichdeep-seafishsuchascod,haddock,andlingcouldhavebeencaughtinwinter.Historically,muchoftheAtlanticwaslinkedbythetravelsofpeoplewhofished,andthiscouldwellhaveprovidedamechanismbywhichthemegalithideaandfashionsinthestyleoftombarchitecturespreadbetweencoastalIberia,Brittany,Ireland,westernEnglandandScotland,andScandinavia.Thehighconcentrationsofmegalithsoncoastsandthesurprisingnumberofmegalithsfoundonsmallislandsmaysupportaconnectionwithfishing.
ProfessorColinRenfrewoftheUniversityofCambridge,England,however,viewsthesimilaritiesassimilarresponsestosimilarneeds.Atthestructurallevel,thepassagethatformsamajorelementofmanygravescouldhavebeendevisedindependentlyindifferentareastomeettheneedforrepeatedaccesstotheinteriorofthesecommunaltombs.Otherstructuralresemblancescouldbeduetosimilaritiesintherawmaterialsavailable.Inanswertothequestionofwhytheideaofbuildingmonumentaltombsshouldariseindependentlyinanumberofareas,hecitesthesimilaritiesintheirbackgrounds.
MostmegalithsoccurinareasinhabitedinthepostglacialperiodbyMesolithichunter-gatherers(~20000B.C.~18000B.C.).TheiradoptionofagriculturethroughcontactwithNeolithicfarmers,Renfrewargues,ledtoapopulationexplosionintheregionandconsequentcompetitionforfarmlandbetweenneighboringgroups.In
thefaceofpotentialconflict,thegroupsmayhavefounditdesirabletodefinetheirterritoriesandemphasizetheirboundaries.Theconstructionofmegalithscouldhaveariseninresponsetothisneed.
Renfrewhasstudiedtwocircumscribedareas,theScottishislandsofArranandRousay,toexaminethishypothesismoreclosely.Hefoundthatadivisionofthearablelandintoterritories,eachcontainingonemegalith,resultsinunitsthatcorrespondinsizetotheindividualfarmingcommunitiesofrecenttimesinthesamearea.【】Eachunitsupportedbetween10and50people.【】Thelaborneededtoputupamegalithwouldprobablybebeyondthecapabilitiesofacommunitythissize.【】ButRenfrewarguesthatthecooperationofothercommunitiescouldbesecuredbysomeformofrecognizedsocialincentiveperhapsaperiodoffeastingatwhichcommunalbuildingwasoneofseveralactivities.【】
Mostmegalithscontaincollectiveburials.Differenttombsuseddifferentarrangements,butthereseemstohavebeenanunderlyingtheme:
peopleplacedinthesetombswererepresentativeoftheirsociety,buttheiridentityasindividualswasnotimportant.Thetombsbelongedtotheancestors,throughwhomthelivingsocietylaidclaimtotheirland.ThisinterpretationreinforcesRenfrew’sviewofthemegalithsasterritorialmarkers.
题目
1.Theword"collective"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.aboveground
B.public
C.elaborate
D.group
2.Accordingtoparagraph2,earlyprehistoriansthoughttheAegeanpeopleoftheBronzeAgemighthaveinfluencedmegalithbuildingalongtheAtlanticseaboardbecausethey
A.hadestablishedcommercialroutesalongtheAtlanticseaboard
B.hadbeeninIberia,wheretheyintroducedtheideaofburialinverylargetombs
C.werethoughttohavefoundmegalithsinIberiawhensearchingformetals
D.werethoughttohavepassedalongtheconceptofburialinmonumentaltombsastheyexploredBrittany,Britain,NorthGermany,andScandinavia
Paragraph2ismarkedwith
3.Inparagraph3,whydoestheauthordiscusstheresultsofradiocarbondates?
A.TosupporttheideathatmegalithsspreadrapidlyduringtheBronzeAge
B.Toquestiontheideathatmegalithshaveareligiousorigin
C.ToprovideevidenceagainstthetheorythatBronzeAgeAegeaninspiredthemegaliths
D.ToarguethatthemegalithsinBrittanyareolderthanthemegalithsinLosMillares
Paragraph3ismarkedwith
4.Theword"erecting"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.designing
B.constructing
C.protecting
D.decorating
5.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatdidProfessorClarkproposeasaresultofstudyingthemegalithsofsouthernSweden?
A.Swedishmegalithsarenearlyidenticaltomegalithselsewhere.
B.PeoplewhotraveledforfishingmayhavebeenresponsibleforthespreadofmegalithsinEurope.
C.SwedishmegalithswereprobablybuiltafterotherEuropeanmegalithswerebuilt.
D.MegalithsinEuropewereusuallylocatednearsitesfordeep-seafishinginwinter.
Paragraph4ismarkedwith
6.Whatisthepurposeofdiscussingthepassagethatformsamajorelementofmanygraves?
A.Toprovideanexampleofacommonlyoccurringfeatureofmegalithsthatmightberelatedtoasimilarneed
B.Toarguethatsimilaritiesinrawmaterialswereresponsibleforthesimilarityofpassages
C.Toexplainhowrepeatedaccesstotheinteriorofthecommunaltombswaspossible
D.ToprovideevidencethatthebuildersofthemegalithshadsimilarbackgroundsParagraph5ismarkedwith
7.Theword"consequent"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.intense
B.increasing
C.resulting
D.continual
8.Accordingtoparagraph6,ProfessorRenfrewhasarguedthatonefactorleadingtotheriseofmegalithsinEuropewas
A.theadoptionoffarmingbyMesolithichunter-gatherers
B.thetransitionfromaglacialtoapostglacialclimate
C.therelocationofMesolithicpopulationsfromoneregiontoanother
D.theconflictoverwhetherareasinhabitedbyMesolithicpeopleswouldbeusedforfarming
Paragraph6ismarkedwith
9.Thephrasestyle"thishypothesis"inthepassagereferstotheideathat
A.therewascompetitionforterritorybetweenMesolithichunter-gathersandinvadingNeolithicfarmers
B.apopulationexplosionbroughtaboutadivisionoftheregion'sNeolithic
farmersintoneighboringgroups
C.theneedofneighboringgroupstodefinetheirterritoriesledtotheconstructionofmegaliths
D.theconstructionofmegalithswasawayofcompetingforfarmland
10.Accordingtoparagraph7,whatdidRenfrewconcludeaboutthemegalithsofArranandRousay?
A.Eachmegalithwasassociatedwithaspecificagriculturalcommunity.
B.Eachmegalithwasbuiltbybetween10and50people.
C.Somemegalithswerebuiltusingstonesquarriedatotherplaces.
D.Somemegalithswerebuiltgraduallyovertimeratherthanallatonce.Paragraph7ismarkedwith
11.Theword"reinforces"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.represents
B.differsfrom
C.expandson
D.supports
12.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingweretrueofthemegalithsalongtheAtlanticseaboardEXCEPT
A.Theyoftenhadamainpassageway.
B.Theyidentifiedtheindividualsburiedwithinthem.
C.TheywerebuiltbeforetheAegeanBronzeAge.
D.Theydifferedsomewhatinstylefromregiontoregion.Paragraph8ismarkedwith
13.Lookatthefoursquares【】thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Soitmightseemthatmegalithscouldnothavebeenusedbyanindividualcommunitytomarkitsland.
Wherewouldbethesentencebestfit?
Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothepassage.
14.Directions:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
Dragyouranswerchoicestothespaceswheretheybelong.Toremoveananswerchoice,clickonit.
Toreviewthepassage,clickVIEWTEXT.
AnswerChoices
A.TheBronzeAgeAegeansmostprobablybuiltsomeofthetombsinIberia.
B.ScientificevidencesupportstheideathatthemegalithswereawesternandnorthernEuropeaninvention.
C.Mostmegalit
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