语用学教案资料.docx
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语用学教案资料.docx
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语用学教案资料
语用学
PolitenessPrincipleandanalysisofitsrelevantapplication
刘阳子
[摘要]在现代语用学理论当中,合作原则和礼貌原则是两个主要的理论。
为了“拯救”和补充合作原则,英国语言学家利奇提出了礼貌原则这个理论。
他自己罗列出了相关的六项关于礼貌原则的准则,为了尽可能详细的阐明礼貌原则。
后来提出的“脸面理论”同样是也是关于礼貌的相关理论。
实际上,在日常交际过程中,我们对他人所表现出来的礼貌都可以说是为了保护自己的面子。
我们首先将简单介绍这三个理论,然后会就礼貌原则在两个领域的应用来展开分析讨论。
通过对礼貌原则在英语商业信函和委婉语的使用的应用的介绍,我们能更好的掌握了解礼貌原则。
关键字:
合作原则;礼貌原则;英语商业信函;委婉语
[Abstract]CooperativePrincipleandPolitenessPrinciplearetwomajortheoriesinmodernpragmatics.PolitenessPrinciplewasproposedbyLeech,aBritishlinguist,whosaidthathewastorescuetheCooperativePrincipleandmakeanadditiontoit.LeechhadlistedsixmaximsbyhimselftodohisbesttoilluminatethePolitenessPrincipleindetail.Also,facetheory,istherelevantprincipleintermsof“politeness”.Actually,wejustwanttosaveourfaceindailycommunicationwhenweshowourpolitenesstoothers.Wewillintroducethesethreetheoriesfirstly,thentheapplicationofonthethreetheories—PolitenessPrinciple—willbetalkedabout.Examplesintwofieldswillbegiventoexplaintherelevantapplication.WecanlearnmoreaboutPolitenessPrinciplethroughtheexplanationoftheanalysisofPPinEnglishbusinesslettersandeuphemisms.
Keywords:
CooperativePrinciple;PolitenessPrinciple;Englishbusinessletter;euphemism
TheOxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-ChineseDictionaryexplainsthatpolitenessis“havingorshowingthatonehasgoodmannersandrespectforthefeelingsofotherpeople”.Inthefieldofpragmatics,manyscholarsandresearchershavepaidmuchattentiononpolitenesswhichisauniversallanguagephenomenon.Theyhaveworkedoutmanyresultsonit,buttheresearchisstillontheway.Here,wearegoingtotalkaboutatheorywhichiscalled“politenessprinciple’,producedbyG.Leech(1983).
1.AboutPolitenessPrinciple
BeforethePolitenessPrinciplewaspresentedbyG.Leech,CooperativePrinciple,anothertheorypresentedbyP.Grice,waswidelyusedbylanguagespeakers.SowecanfirstlyintroduceCooperativePrincipleasthewarm-upforPolitenessPrinciple.
1.1Grice’sCooperativePrinciple
InGrice’spaper“LogicandConversation”atHarvardUniversityin1967,heexplainedwhattheCooperativePrincipleis.Hethinksthatnaturallanguagesarejustasgoodasspeciallogicsystemsformakingprecisestatements;theassumptionthatnaturallanguageexpressionsdivergefromthelogicaldevicesisitselffaultyandthatthefaultyarisesfromaninadequateattentiontothenatureandimportanceoftheconditionsgoverningconversation.
GriceborrowedfourcategoriesfromtheGermanphilosopherI.Kant,thefourcategoriesarequantity,quality,relationandmanner.AndthenGricemakecreativesummaryandobservedtheconversationalmaximsasfollow:
QuantityMaxim:
(1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).
(2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.
Forexample:
—Excuseme,couldyoutellmewhattimeisit?
—It’steno’clock,fifteenminutes,twentysecondsandintheyear2015.
Here,wecanseethelistenerwantstoknowthetime,butthespeakertellshimtheveryexacttimewhichwillmakethelistenerconfused.Thespeakermakeshiscontributionmuchmoreinformativeandtellsthelistenersomeunnecessaryinformation.So,thespeakerviolatesthemaximofquantity.
QualityMaxim:
Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.
(1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.
(2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.
Forexample:
—John,doyouknowwheretheNo.1MiddleSchoolis?
—Itisattheendofthestreet.
Intheconversationwementionabove,themaximofqualityisobserved.JohndoesnotcontributewhathebelievestobefalseandwhatJohnsaysisfullyunderstood.Johnknowswheretheschoolisandhedirectlytellsthelocationoftheschoolthatiscorrectwhatthespeakerwants.
RelationMaxim:
Berelevant.
Themaximofrelationistoshowthattheanswerandthequestionofthesentencesinthecontextarerelatedwitheachother.
—Doyouwantanothercoffee?
—Theappletastesdelicious!
Here,wecanseethesecondonewhoanswersthefirstonfloutthemaximofrelation,hedoesnotanswertherightquestionofthefirstone.Thefirstonewanttoknowwhetherthesecondonwantanothercoffeeornot,butthesecondongivestheanswerwhichisaboutwhathethinksofanapplehehasjusteaten.
MannerMaxim:
(1)Beperspicuous.
(2)Avoidobscurityofexpression.
(3)Avoidambiguity.
(4)Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity)
Beorderly.
—Let’sgetthekidssomething.
—Okay,butIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-M-S.
Thesecondspeakerostentatiouslyinfringesthemaximofmannerbyspellingoutthewordice-creamsandtherebyconveystothefirstspeakerthatthesecondspeakerwouldrathernothaveice-creammentioneddirectlyinthepresenceofthechildren,incasetheyaretherebypromptedtodemandsome.
Grice’sCooperativePrinciplehasplayedanimportantroleinmodernpragmatics,andafterhim,manyotherlinguistsformulatednewprinciples,oneofwhichisLeech’sPolitenessPrinciple.Inourdailycommunication,CooperativePrinciplecanmakeourconversationgosmoothly.Infact,thoseconversationswhichflouttheCooperativePrincipleinvolvesmanyimpliedmeanings,whichwascalledconversationimplicature.PolitenessPrinciplewasjustpresentedtoimproveCooperativePrinciple,wecanfindtheshadowofmannermaximinPolitenessPrinciple.
1.2Leech’sPolitenessPrinciple
GeoffreyLeech,oneofthemostimportantlinguistsintheworld,proposedthattherearesixmaximsthatareverysimilartotheCooperativePrincipleproposedbyGrice.Theyare:
tact,generousness,approbation,modesty,agreement,andsympathy.Tactandgenerousnesscanbesortedinapair,aswellasapprobationandmodesty.Differentculturebackgroundanddifferenttraditionsdrivethevariationofthesixmaxims.
Tactmaximisthat“minimizetheexpressionsofbeliefswhichimplycosttoother,maximizetheexpressionofbeliefswhichimplybenefittoother”.Inshort,therearetwoaspectswhicharetominimizecosttootherandmaximizebenefittoother.Forexample:
(1)Excuseme,mayIaskyouaquestion,please?
(2)Dear…,goodmorning,pleasecouldyousharetheinformationyoujustcollectedaboutthedamagedvehicleswithme!
Thanksalotforyourkindness.
Thewritersorthespeakersusethewordslike“goodmorning,dear,excuseme,please,mayIandsoon”,toshowtheirrespectandkindnesstotheothers.Andithelpsalottoestablishthegoodrelationshipbetweenothers.
GenerousnessmaximissupposedbyLeech,isthat:
”Minimizetheexpressionofbeliefsthatexpressorimplybenefittoself;maximizetheexpressionofbeliefsthatexpressorimplycosttoself”.Thatis,tominimizebenefittoselfandtomaximizecosttoself.Itisdifferentfromthefirstmaxim,anditpaysmoreattentiontothespeakerhimself,also,itthinksthattheotherpeopleshouldbeconsideredfirstlyratherthanthespeakerhimselforherselforthewritersthemselves.Forexample:
(1)Listentomecarefully,andIwillshowyouallthestepsyouwilluseinyourcomputers.
(2)Jim,youmustcarryouttheplanatonce.
(3)Mum,youmustconsidermyunderstandingsandmyfeelings!
Here,wecanseeclearlyintheseexamplesthatthefirstimportantroleis“you”ratherthan“me”,whichshowsthatthespeakerplaysmoreimportantrolethanthelistenerandthespeakershouldbeconsideredfirstly.
Approbationmaximisthethirdmaximshowsthat:
”minimizetheexpressionofbeliefswhichexpressdispraiseofothers,maximizetheexpressionofbeliefswhichexpressapprovalofothers”.Thismaximistopraiseothersandalsotohighlightthestrengthoftheothersinordertomakethemhappy.Thespeakersusethismaximtoavoidsomeunsatisfiedissues.Itaimstoomitsomeunpleasantthingsandtobemoregeneroustothespeakers,andthinksthatthelistenersshouldbeconsideredfirstratherthanhimselforherself,intheotherword,tolettheotherpeoplefeelgreatbyshowingthewell-cooperation.Forexample:
(1)Lastnight,Isawyouinthestoreandyoulookedverybeautifulandrelaxed.
(2)ThroughthisperiodoftimeIthinkthatyouareanexpertofthequalitysystem.CurrentlyIhavesomeproblems-couldyouhelpmetosolvetheseissues,please?
(3)Jonny,youknowthatintheshowyesterdayyouactbrilliant.Iwanttoknowhowcouldyoudolikethat?
Thesetalksaimatpraisingandlettingthelistenersfeelcomfortable.Sometimesthespeakertendstoletthelistenerfeelcomfortable.
Modestymaximisthat:
”Minimizetheexpressionofpraiseofself;maximizetheexpressionofdispraiseofself”.Itshowshowtheotherpeopleortheirskillsisgoodandhowhimselfisnotclevererornotgoodenoughindailyconversation.Hereareexamples:
(1)Ah,Iamsofoolishtodothiskindofthing.Itisquiteunbelievable.
(2)Theletterisjustrubbish.Itismewhowroteit.
Obviously,wecanseefromtheseexamplesthemodestymaximwhichaimsatdispraisingselfandpraisingtheothersgravely.
Then,agreementmaximis:
”Minimizetheexpressionofdisagreementbetweenselfandother;maximizetheexpressionofagreementbetweenselfandother”.Ittendstoreachagreementtoalargeextent,isimportanttoshowtheagreementoftheissuesratherthanthedisagreement.Someexamplesarelistedbelow:
A:
Hi,Jack,didyouwatchthefilmyesterday,itisawonderfulfilm,isnotit?
B:
Yeah,itisquitebrilliant.Iwanttowatchitagain.
Here,thespeakerandlistenercooperatewitheachotherverywell.Theirconversationleadstoanagreementofthefeelingofafilm.BothAandBreachanagreementthatthefilmis
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