4 Sentence Variety.docx
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4 Sentence Variety.docx
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4SentenceVariety
SentenceVariety
Forshort,choppy(起伏,变化的)sentences
1.Coordination:
and,but,or,nor,yet,for,so
Joincompletesentences,clauses,andphraseswithcoordinators:
example:
Doonesburycartoonssatirizecontemporarypolitics.Thevictimsofpoliticalcorruptionpaynoattention.Theyprefertodemandthatnewspapersnotcarrythestrip.
revision:
Doonesburycartoonslaughatcontemporarypoliticians,butthevictimsofpoliticalcorruptionpaynoattentionandprefertodemandthatnewspapersnotcarrythestrip.
2.Subordination:
after,although,as,asif,because,before,evenif,eventhough,if,ifonly,ratherthan,since,that,though,unless,until,when,where,whereas,wherever,whether,which,while
Linktworelatedsentencestoeachothersothatonecarriesthemainideaandtheotherisnolongeracompletesentence(subordination).Useconnectorssuchastheoneslistedabovetoshowtherelationship.
example:
Thecampusparkingproblemisgettingworse.Theuniversityisnotbuildinganynewgarages.
revision:
Thecampusparkingproblemisgettingworsebecausetheuniversityisnotbuildinganynewgarages.
example:
TheUShasbeenoverlydependentonforeignoilformanyyears.Alternatesourcesofenergyareonlynowbeingsought.
revision:
AlthoughtheUShasbeenoverlydependentonforeignoilformanyyears,alternatesourcesareonlynowbeingsought.
Noticeintheseexamplesthatthelocationoftheclausebeginningwiththedependentmarker(theconnectorword)isflexible.Thisflexibilitycanbeusefulincreatingvariedrhythmicpatternsoverthecourseofaparagraph.Seethesectionbelowunder"Forthesamepatternorrhythminaseriesofsentences."
Forthesamesubjectortopicrepeatedinconsecutivesentences
1.Relativepronouns
which,who,whoever,whom,that,whose
Embedonesentenceinsidetheotherusingaclausestartingwithoneoftherelativepronounslistedabove.
example:
Indianausedtobemainlyanagriculturalstate.Ithasrecentlyattractedmoreindustry.
revision:
Indiana,whichusedtobemainlyanagriculturalstate,hasrecentlyattractedmoreindustry.
example:
Oneofthecameraswasnotpackedverywell.Itwasdamagedduringthemove.
revision:
Thecamerathatwasnotpackedverywellwasdamagedduringthemove.
example:
TheexperimentfailedbecauseofMurphy'sLaw.Thislawstatesthatifsomethingcangowrong,itwill.
revision:
TheexperimentfailedbecauseofMurphy'sLaw,whichstatesthatifsomethingcangowrong,itwill.
example:
DoctorRamirezspecializesinsportsmedicine.Shehelpedmycousinrecoverfromabasketballinjury.
revision1:
DoctorRamirez,whospecializesinsportsmedicine,helpedmycousinrecoverfromabasketballinjury.
revision2:
DoctorRamirez,whosespecialtyissportsmedicine,helpedmycousinrecoverfromabasketballinjury.
2.Participles
Presentparticiplesendin-ing,forexample:
speaking,carrying,wearing,dreaming.
Pastparticiplesusuallyendin-ed,-en,-d,-n,or-tbutcanbeirregular,forexample:
worried,eaten,saved,seen,dealt,taught.
Formoreonparticiples,seeourhandoutonverbals.
Eliminateabeverb(am,is,was,were,are)andsubstituteaparticiple.
example:
WeiXiewassurprisedtogetaphonecallfromhissister.Hewashappytohearhervoiceagain.
revision1:
WeiXie,surprisedtogetaphonecallfromhissister,washappytohearhervoiceagain.
revision2:
Surprisedtogetaphonecallfromher,WeiXiewashappytohearhissister'svoiceagain.
3.Prepositions
about,above,across,after,against,along,among,around,as,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,by,despite,down,during,except,for,from,in,inside,near,nextto,of,off,on,out,over,past,to,under,until,up,with
Turnaclauseintoaprepositionalphrase(aphrasebeginningwithapreposition,suchastheoneslistedabove).
example1:
Theuniversityhasbeenfacingpressuretocutitsbudget.Ithaseliminatedfundingforimportantprograms.(twoindependentclauses)
example2:
Theuniversity,whichhasbeenfacingpressuretocutitsbudget,haseliminatedfundingforimportantprograms.(subject,relativeclause,predicate)
example3:
Becauseithasbeenfacingpressuretocutitsbudget,theuniversityhaseliminatedfundingforimportantprograms.(dependentclause,independentclause)
revised:
Underpressuretocutitsbudget,theuniversityhaseliminatedfundingforimportantprograms.(prepositionalphrase,independentclause:
themostconciseversionofthefour)
Forthesamepatternorrhythminaseriesofsentences
1.Dependentmarkers
Seethelistofdependentmarkersaboveunder"Subordination."
Putclausesandphraseswithdependentmarkersatthebeginningofsomesentencesinsteadofstartingeachsentencewiththesubject.Inthisexamplethestructureandcontentofthesentencesremainsthesame,butsomeelementsaremovedaroundtovarytherhythm.
example:
TheroomfellsilentwhentheTVnewscasterreportedthestoryoftheearthquake.Weallstoppedwhatweweredoing.Thepicturesofthequakeshockedus.Wecouldseethatlargesectionsofthecityhadbeencompletelydestroyed.
revised:
WhentheTVnewscasterreportedthestoryoftheearthquake,theroomfellsilent.Weallstoppedwhatweweredoing.Thepicturesofthequakeshockedusbecausewecouldseethatlargesectionsofthecityhadbeencompletelydestroyed.
2.Transitionalwordsandphrases
accordingly,afterall,afterward,also,although,and,but,consequently,despite,earlier,eventhough,forexample,forinstance,however,inconclusion,incontrast,infact,inthemeantime,inthesameway,indeed,justas...so,meanwhile,moreover,nevertheless,notonly...butalso,now,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,onthewhole,otherwise,regardless,shortly,similarly,specifically,still,thatis,then,therefore,though,thus,yet
Varytherhythmbyaddingtransitionalwordsatthebeginningofsomesentences.
example:
Fastfoodcorporationsareproducingandadvertisingbiggeritemsandhigh-fatcombinationmeals.TheAmericanpopulationfacesagrowingepidemicofobesity.
revised:
Fastfoodcorporationsareproducingandadvertisingbiggeritemsandhigh-fatcombinationmeals.Meanwhile,theAmericanpopulationfacesagrowingepidemicofobesity.
Varytherhythmbyalternatingshortandlongsentences.
example:
TheyvisitedCanadaandAlaskalastsummertofindsomenativeAmericanart.InAnchoragestorestheyfoundsomeexcellentexamplesofsoapstonecarvings.Buttheycouldn'tfindadealersellinganyofthewovenwallhangingstheywanted.
revised:
TheyvisitedCanadaandAlaskalastsummertofindsomenativeAmericanart,suchassoapstonecarvingsandwallhangings.Anchoragestoreshadmanysoapstoneitemsavailable.Still,theyweredisappointedtolearnthatwallhangings,whichtheyhadespeciallywanted,weredifficulttofind.
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- Sentence Variety