厦门大学英语基础知识.docx
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厦门大学英语基础知识.docx
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厦门大学英语基础知识
厦门大学2004年招收攻读硕士学位研究生
入学考试试题
招生专业外国语言学及应用语言学考试科目及代码321英语基础知识
研究方向英语应用语言学英美文学叙述学
注意:
答案必须标明题号,按序写在专用答题纸上,写在本试卷上或草稿纸上者一律不给分。
PartI:
ReadingComprehension(50%)
Directions:
Readthefollowingpassagesandanswerthequestionsaftereachpassage.MarkyouranswersontheAnswerSheetonly.
Passage1
Teachersandlibrariansneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience,andtheyneedtogiveseriousthoughttohowtheycanbestaccommodatesuchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementandexercise,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.Becausetheyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthereassurancethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsareadmiredbyothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbewisetoplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers;forexample,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,displayingstudentartwork,andsponsoringsciencefiction,fantasy,orotherspecial-interestbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovidemultipleopportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessfulgroupdynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthesecurityofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadultbarelyvisibleinthebackground.
Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganizedsothatparticipantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.Onthecontrary,theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentbyplanningforrolesthatarewithintheircapabilitiesandtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.Teenagersneedlimitations,buttheyalsoneedtheopportunitytohelpestablishwhattheselimitsandexpectationswillbe.
Adultsalsoneedtorealizethatthegoalofmostadolescentsistoleavechildhoodbehindastheymoveintoadulthood.Thishasimplicationsforwhetherlibrariestreatyoungadultservicesasabranchofthechildren’sortheadults’department.Fewteenagersaregoingtowanttositonsmallchildren’schairsorcompetewithnine-andten-year-oldswhentheypickbooksofftheshelves.Neitheraretheygoingtobeattractedtobooksthatusethewordchildrenorpicturepreteensonthecovers.
Youngadultswantawidevarietyofinformationalbooksaboutaspectsoftheirlivesthatarenew;forexample,thephysicaldevelopmentoftheirbodies,thenewfreedomtheyhavetoassociatemainlywithpeersinsteadoffamily,andtheaddedresponsibilitiestheyfeelindecidingwhatkindsofadultrolestheywillfit.
1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaccuratelyreflectstheviewoftheauthor?
(A)Thereadingmaterialavailableinlibrariesandschoolsmeetstheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesforstudents.
(B)Youngadultsneedtohavetheoptionforreadingmaterialthatspeakstotheneedsoftheirdevelopingphysicalandemotionalmakeup.
(C)Teachersarereadytoassiststudentswithreadingmaterial.
(D)Readingmaterialmeetstheneedsoflifechangesforteens.
2.Ascomparedwithchildren’sliterature,adolescentliterature
(A)dealswiththeemotionalneeds.
(B)concernsitselfwithintellectualchanges.
(C)approachesthephysicalneeds.
(D)alloftheabove.
3.Theparticularrecommendationofthisarticleisthat
(A)childrenandadolescentsneedtobeseparated.
(B)theneedsofadolescentsaregreaterthanthoseofchildren.
(C)theneedsofchangingadolescentsmustbeaccommodated.
(D)librariesandclassroomsareconstructedforallstudents.
4.Themainideaofthisarticleisthe
(A)needforhavingclubsforstudentsthatwillhelpthemtocompete.
(B)realitythatstudentactivitiescanhelptoprovideanon-threateningenvironmentforyouth.
(C)environmentforlearningissetbyfurnishings.
(D)implicationthatteachersandlibrariansshouldbeawareofwaystoassistyoungadultsincopingwithlife’schanges.
5.Accordingtothisselection,theprimarydesireofyoungadultsisforliteraturethatwill
(A)provideinformationaboutmovingfromchildhoodtoadulthood.
(B)letthemseethemselvesinafavorablelight.
(C)providethemwithapatterntofollow.
(D)giveexcitinglooksintothefutureasanadult.
Passage2
JohnRuskinwasbornin1819inthefamilyofarichwinemerchantinLondon.Hisparentsdidnotsendhimtoschoolbuthadhimtaughtathome.Hismother,averyreligiouswoman,madehimreadtheBiblefrombeginningtoend,turningtotheGenesisagainassoonashehadreachedtheApocalypse,yearinyearout.Theresultofthistrainingwas,hesays,‘tomakeeverywordoftheScripturesfamiliartomyearinhabitualmusic”.
RuskinenteredOxfordatseventeen,in1836.Butanattackofconsumptionmadehimleavetheuniversityin1840.FortwoyearshetraveledandstudiedartandarchitectureinEurope,independently.Duringthesetrips,heformedhisownaestheticthoughtandgatheredmaterialsforhisbook“ModernPainters”.AftertakinghisdegreeatOxfordattwenty-four,hepublishedthefirstvolumeof“ModernPainters”,whichmadehimfamousasanartcritic.Thefivevolumesofthewholeworkappearedoveraperiodofseventeenyears(1843-60).While“ModernPainters”wasstillonhand,Ruskinwroteandpublished“TheSevenLampsofArchitecture”(1849)and“TheStonesofVenice”(1851-3).Thesethreebooksarehismajorworksinthesphereofartcriticism.
After1860Ruskinturnedhisattentiontosocialproblems,andhisliterarycareerwitnessedatransitionfromartcriticismtosocialcriticism.Todowhathecouldtoalleviatethemiseryofpeople’slifebecamehismission.Helecturedtoworkersandwrotearticlesonsocialreforms.In1860aseriesofhisessaysonpoliticaleconomyappearedin“TheCornhillMagazine”editedbyThackeray.ButtheoppositionofthebourgeoisreaderstotheseessayswassostrongthatThackeraywascompelledtostoptheirpublication.Anotherseriesofpapersoneconomicscontributedtothe“Fraser’sMagazine”metwiththesamefate.Thesetwoseriesofarticleswerepublishedlaterinbookfromas“UntoThisLast”(1862)and“MuneraPulveris”(1872).Hisconcernforsocialproblemsisagainshownin“SesameandLilies”(1865),whichcontainstwolonglectures:
Thefirst,“Sesame:
OfKings’Treasuries”,dealswiththequestionsofwhattoreadandhowtoread;thesecond,“Lilies:
OfQueen’sGardens,”treatsoftheeducationandpowerofwomen.ToRuskin,“UntoThisLast”and“SesameandLilies”contain“thechieftruthsIhaveendeavoredthroughallmypastlifetodisplay”.
6.WhydidRuskinleaveOxford?
(A)Hemetafinancialproblem.
(B)Hedidnotpasstheexamination.
(C)HewantedtotravelaroundEuropeandstudyartandarchitecture.
(D)Hewassickatthattime.
7.ThepassagesaidthatRuskinturnedhisattentiontosocialproblemsafter1860because____.
(A)Ruskin’sbook“ModernPainters”endedatthattime
(B)Ruskin’sworksweretheevidence
(C)TheauthorknewthatfromthebiographyofRuskin
(D)Ruskindeclareditatthattime
8.Accordingtothepassage,whathappenedtosomeeconomicpapersofRuskinin1860?
(A)Theywerenotpublished.
(B)Theyweredelayedbytheeditorfor2years.
(C)Ruskindidnotcontributeuntil2yearslater.
(D)Theywereacceptedbythebourgeoisreaders.
Passage3
Blackholes,whenimagined,areunimaginable.Butpopularculturegotusedtothemanyway.Blackholesarethestarsofmovies,theheroesofbooks,thebywordforallkindsofbadrisks.Theyareoverfamiliarandallbutcliché.Luckily,astronomersarenotboredyet.Inthelastfewyears,theyhavefoundincreasingevidenceofblackholesbothinourgalaxyandoutsideit.Thesedays,what’smostunbelievableaboutblackhoesisthattheyseemtobereal.
Forcertainstars,blackholesaretheafterlife.Starsthesizeofoursunspendtheirlivesburningfuelandradiatinglight,balancingtheradiation’spushoutwardagainstgravity’spullinward.Asastarrunsoutoffuel,gravitybeginstowin.Thestarcondensesandshrinkssmallerandsmalleruntilgravity’spullisagainbalanced,thistimebytheforcethatkeepselectronsfromcrowdingtooclosetogether.Thestar,nowcalledawhitedwarf,shinesforawhile,thengraduallycoolsanddims.
Instarswithmassesmorethaneighttimesthesun’s,gravityiscorrespondinglystronger.Thesestarsdiewithabanginsupernovaexplosions,whichblowawaymuchofthestar’smass.Ifwhatremainsislessthanthreesolarmasses,gravityjamsthenegativelychargedelectronsandthepositivelychargedprotonstogether.Theoppositechargesneutralizeeachother,andtheremnantcore,nowcomposedentirelyofneutrons,iscalledaneutronstar.Ithasshrunktoabouttenmilesindiameter.Matterthiscompact“beggarsdescription,”saysJeffreyMcClintock,anastronomerattheHarvard-SmithsonianCenterforastrophysicsinMassachusetts.IftheGreatLakesweremadethiscompact,theywouldfitintoabathroomsink.“‘Compact’isthewordweliketouse,”McClintockadds,“because‘dense’doesn’tevencoverit.”Neutronstarsshinewhenthey’reformed,mostbrightlyinXrays;theyalsohavemagneticfieldsthatcansendoutcrisppulsesofradiowaves.
Instarswithmassesfortytimesthesun’s,gravityisstrongenoughtomaketheunthinkablehappen.Th
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