语言学 Ⅱ.docx
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语言学 Ⅱ.docx
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语言学Ⅱ
Chapter7:
LanguageChange
1.historicallinguistics:
Asubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudylanguagechange.
2.coinage:
Anewwordcanbecoinedtofitsomepurpose.(03)
3.blending:
Ablendisawordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords.
4.clipping:
Clippingreferstotheabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrases.
5.borrowing:
Whendifferentculturecomeintocontact,wordsareoftenborrowedfromonelanguagetoanother.Itisalsocalledloadwords.
6.backformation:
Newwordsmaybecoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixmistakenlythoughttobepartoftheoldword.Suchwordsarecalledback-formation.
7.functionalshift:
Wordsmayshiftfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionofaffixes.
8.acronyms:
Acronymsarewordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords.
9.protolanguage:
Theoriginalformofalanguagefamily,whichhasceasedtoexist.
10.Languagefamily:
Agroupofhistoricallyrelatedlanguagesthathavedevelopedfromacommonancestrallanguage.
Chapter8:
LanguageAndSociety
1.sociolinguistics:
Thesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinsocialcontexts.
2.speechcommunity:
Agroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandshareatleastonespeechvarietyaswellassimilarlinguisticnorms.(05)
3.speechvarieties:
Itreferstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.
4.regionaldialect:
Avarietyoflanguageusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.
5.sociolect:
Avarietyoflanguageusedbypeople,whobelongtoaparticularsocialclass.
6.registers :
Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.
7.idiolect :
Aperson’sdialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselements,regardingregional,social,genderandagevariations.(04)
8.linguisticreportoire :
Thetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividualconstituteshislinguisticrepertoire.
9.registertheory :
AtheoryproposedbyAmericanlinguistHalliday,whobelievedthatthreesocialvariablesdeterminetheregister,namely,fieldofdiscourse,tenorofdiscourseandmodeofdiscourse.
10.fieldofdiscourse :
thepurposeandsubjectmatterofthecommunicativebehavior..
11.tenorofdiscourse:
Itreferstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:
whotheparticipantsinthecommunicationgroupsareandinwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.
12.modeofdiscourse:
Itreferstothemeansofcommunicationanditisconcernedwithhowcommunicationiscarriedout.
13.standarddialect:
Asuperposedvarietyoflanguageofacommunityornation,usuallybasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakersofthelanguage.
14.formality:
Itreferstothedegreeofformalityindifferentoccasionsandreflectstherelationshipandconversations.AccordingtoMartinJoos,therearefivestagesofformality,namely,intimate,casual,consultative,formalandfrozen.
15.Pidgin:
Ablendingofseverallanguage,developingasacontactlanguageofpeople,whospeakdifferentlanguages,trytocommunicationwithoneanotheronaregularbasis.
16.Creole :
Apidginlanguagewhichhasbecomethenativelanguageofagroupofspeakersusedinthisdailylife.
17.bilingualism :
Theuseoftwodifferentlanguagessidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay,andlanguageswitchingoccurswhenthesituationchanges.(07C)
18.diaglossia :
Asociolinguisticsituationinwhichtwodifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechcommunity,eachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.
19.LinguaFranca :
Avarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeople,whospeakdifferentnativelanguagesordialects
20.code-switching:
themovementbackandforthbetweentwolanguagesordialectswithinthesamesentenceordiscourse.(04)
Chapter9:
LanguageAndCulture
1.culture :
Thetotalwayoflifeofaperson,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofhumancommunity.
2.discoursecommunity :
Itreferstothecommonwaysthatmembersofsomesocialgroupuselanguagetomeettheirneeds.
3.acculturation :
Aprocessinwhichchangesonthelanguage,cultureandsystemofvaluesofagrouphappenthroughinteractionwithanothergroupwithadifferentlanguage,cultureandasystemofvalues.
4.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis :
TheinterdependenceoflanguageandthoughtisnowknownasSapir-WhorfHypothesis.
5.linguisticrelativity :
Abeliefthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedwhollyorpartlybythestructureoftheirnativelanguage-----又叫Sapir-WhorfHypothesis.(06C)
6.linguisticdeterminism:
Itreferstotheideathatthelanguageweuse,tosomeextent,determinesthewayinwhichweviewandthinkabouttheworldaroundus.(06C)
7.denotativemeaning:
Itreferstotheliteralmeaning,whichcanbefoundinadictionary.
8.connotativemeaning:
Theassociationofaword,apartfromitsprimarymeaning.
9.iconicmeaning:
Theimageofawordinvokedtopeople.
10.metaphors:
Afigureofspeech,inwhichnofunctionwordslikelike,asareused.Somethingisdescribedbystatinganotherthingwithwhichitcanbecompared.
11.euphemism:
awordorphrasethatreplaceataboowordorisusedtoavoidreferencetocertainactsorsubjects,e.g.powderroomfortoilet.
12.culturaloverlap:
Thesituationbetweentwosocietiesduetosomesimilaritiesinthenaturalenvironmentandpsychologyofhumanbeing
13.culturaldiffusion:
Throughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcultureB,thusbringingaboutculturaldiffusion.(05/03)
14.culturalimperialism:
Thesituationofincreasingculturaldiffusionallovertheworld.(06C)
15.linguisticsimperialism:
itisakindofkindoflinguicismwhichcanbedefinedasthepromulgationofglobalideologiesthroughtheworld-wideexpansionofonelanguage.(06C)
16.linguisticnationalism:
Inordertoprotectthepurityoftheirlanguage,somecountrieshaveadoptedspeciallanguagepolicy.Itiscalledlinguisticnationalism.
17.interculturalcommunication:
Itiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.
18.languageplanning:
planning,usuallybyagovernment,concerningchoiceofnationalorofficiallanguage(s),waysofspreadingtheuseofalanguage,spellingreforms,theadditionofnewwordstothelanguage,andotherlanguageproblems.
Chapter10:
LanguageAcquisition
1.languageacquisition:
Itreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.
2.languageacquisitiondevice(LAD):
Ahypotheticalinnatemechanismeverynormalhumanchildisbelievedtobebornwith,whichallowthemtoacquirelanguage.(03)
3.UniversalGrammar:
Atheorywhichclaimstoaccountforthegrammaticalcompetenceofeveryadultnomatterwhatlanguageheorshespeaks.
4.motherese:
Aspecialspeechtochildrenusedbyadults,whichischaracterizedwithslowrateofspeed,highpitch,richintonation,shorterandsimplersentencestructuresetc.----又叫childdirectedspeech,caretakertalk.(05)
5.CriticalPeriodHypothesis:
Thehypothesisthatthetimespanbetweenearlychildhoodandpubertyisthecriticalperiodforlanguageacquisition,duringwhichchildrencanacquirelanguagewithoutformalinstructionsuccessfullyandeffortlessly.(07C/06F/04)
6.under-extension:
Useawordwithlessthanitsusualrangeofdenotation.
7.over-extension:
Extensionofthemeaningofa wordbeyonditsusualdomainofapplicationbyyoungchildren.
8.telegraphicspeech:
Children’searlymultiwordspeechthatcontainscontentwordsandlacksfunctionwordsandinflectionalmorphemes.
9.contentword:
Wordsreferringtothings,quality,stateoraction,whichhavelexicalmeaningusedalone.
10.functionword:
Wordswithlittlemeaningontheirownbutshowgrammaticalrelationshipsinandbetweensentences.
11.taboo:
Wordsknowntospeakersbutavoidedinsomecontextsofspeechforreasonsofreligion,politenessetc.(07C)
12.atypicaldevelopment:
Someacquisitionoflanguagemaybedelayedbutfollowthesamerulesoflanguagedevelopmentduetotraumaorinjury.
Chapter11 :
SecondLanguageAcquisition
1.secondlanguageacquisition:
Itreferstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage.
2.targetlanguage:
Thelanguagetobeacquiredbythesecondlanguagelearner.
3.secondlanguage:
Asecondlanguageisalanguagewhichisnotanativelanguageinacountrybutwhichiswidelyusedasamediumofcommunicationandwhichisusuallyusedalongsideanotherlanguageorlanguages.
4.foreignlanguage:
Aforeignlanguageisalanguagewhichistaughtasaschoolsubjectbutwhichisnotusedasamediumofinstructioninschoolsnorasalanguageofcommunicationwithinacountry.
5.interlanguage:
Atypeoflanguageproducedbysecondandforeignlanguagelearners,whoareintheprocessoflearningalanguage,andthistypeoflanguageusuallycontainswrongexpression_rs.
6.fossilization:
Insecondorforeignlanguagelearning,thereisaprocesswhichsometimesoccursinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.
7.contrastiveanalysis:
amethodofanalyzinglanguagesforinstructionalpurposeswherebyanativelanguageandtargetlanguagearecomparedwithaviewtoestablishingpointsofdifferencelikelytocausedifficultiesforlearners.
8.contrastiveanalysishypothesis:
Ahypothesisinsecondlanguageacquisition.Itpredictsthatwheretherearesimilaritiesbetweenth
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