on the The Last of Mohicans.docx
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on the The Last of Mohicans.docx
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ontheTheLastofMohicans
ontheTheLastofMohicans
Abstract
JamesFenimoreCooperwasoneofthefirstpopularAmericannovelists,whowasborninSeptember1789inBurlingtonanddiedin1851.TheLastofMohicansisregardedasCooper’smasterpiece,whichopensanewareaforAmericanliterature.Thestoryhappensinthethirdyearoftheseven-yearwarwhichlaunchedbytheEnglishandFrenchaggressors.Thestoryreappearsvividlytheaggressors’criminalactionanditalsorevealstheauthor’ssympathytotheIndiansthroughthewholestory.ThenovelexposesthattheroofofthecontradictionconflictandviolenceslaughterliesinthecolonizationdesireoftheEnglishandFrenchaggressors.
Theauthorappliesalargeamountofsymbolismtopromotethedevelopmentofthestory,todistillthethemeofthenovelandtopresentthe“black”atmosphere.Thepaperisdividedintothreeparts:
thefirstpartmainlyintroducestheauthor,thestorycontentandsomethingaboutpostcolonialtothereader.ThesecondpartanalyzestheuseofsymbolsinTheLastofMohicansthroughthedescriptionsoftheconversations,environment,animalsandgun.Also,itcontainstheprotagonist’sviewsofloveandfreedom.Thethirdpartistheconclusion.Ithelpsthereadertogetafurtherunderstandingofthenovel’sdeepsenseandattainabetterunderstandingofthemeaningswhattheauthorreallywantstoexpress.
KeyWords:
thelastMohicans;conversation;environment;postcolonism;love;freedom
摘要
詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库伯出生在美国伯斯顿(1789-1851),是美国文学史上一位很受欢迎的作家。
《最后的莫希干人》是作者库柏的经典代表作,它开创了美国民族文学的先河。
故事发生在战争的第三个年头,它生动地再现了英法侵略者的罪恶行径,同时也处处流落出作者本人对印第安人的同情。
小说揭示了矛盾冲突、暴力屠杀的根源在于英法侵略者的殖民欲望。
作者在文中大量运用象征主义手法,以此来推动故事情节的发展、升华文章的主题,渲染“黑色”气氛。
本文共分为三个部分:
第一部分主要介绍作者,故事内容和后殖民主义的一些内容;第二部分分别从语言、环境、动物、长枪等方面来分析《最后的莫希干人》的象征主义手法。
同时,也探讨了主人公的正义观和爱情观;第三部分为结论部分。
通过论文三部分的描写来使读者对文章的深层含义有更深一步的了解,方便读者了解作者所要表达的真正含义。
关键字:
最后的莫希干人;语言;环境;后殖民主义;爱情,自由
I.Introduction
A.Anintroductiontotheauthor:
JamesFenimoreCooper
JamesFenimoreCooperisoneofthefirstpopularAmericannovelists.BorninSeptember1789inBurlington,NewJersey,CoopergrewupinCooperstown,NewYork,afrontiersettlementthathelaterdramatizedinhisnovels.HeattendedYalewhenhewasonlythirteenbutwasexpelledforinstigatingapracticaljoke.HisfatherforcedhimtojointheNavy.Cooperbeganwritingalmostbyaccident.WhenreadingapopularEnglishnovelaloudtohiswifeoneday,Coopersuddenlytossedthebookasideandsaid,“Icouldwriteyouabetterbookmyself”.HeliveduptohisclaimbywritingPrecautionin1820andTheSpy,hisfirstpopularsuccess,thefollowingyear.Fortherestofhislife,CooperattractedamassivereadershiponbothsidesoftheAtlantic.Whenhediedin1851,Cooperwasoneofthemostfamouswritersintheworld.
Afterachievingsuccessasanovelist,CooperspentsevenyearslivinginEurope,duringwhichtimehewrotemanyofhismostmemorablestories.CooperdrewonhismemoriesofhischildhoodontheAmericanfrontier,writinghigh-spirited,oftensentimentaladventurestories.Thesefrontierromancesfeaturehisbest-knowncharacter,thewoodsmanNattyBumppo,alsoknownas“Hawkeye”or“Leatherstocking.”Thisheroicscoutwasfeaturedinfivenovels,knowncollectivelyastheLeatherstockingTales:
ThePioneers,ThePrairie,ThePathfinder,TheDeerslayer,and,mostfamously,TheLastoftheMohicans.Writtenin1826,TheLastoftheMohicanstookplacein1757duringtheFrenchandIndianWar,whenFranceandEnglandbattledforcontroloftheAmericanandCanadiancolonies.Duringthiswar,theFrenchoftenalliedthemselveswithnativeAmericantribesinordertogainanadvantageovertheEnglish,withunpredictableandoftentragicresults.Descriptionsofcertainincidentsinthenovel,suchasthemassacreoftheEnglishsoldiersbyHuronIndians,embellishaccountsofrealhistoricalevents.Additionally,certaincharactersinthenovel,GeneralMontcalminparticular,arebasedonrealindividuals.Creatinghistoricallyinspiredstorieswascommoninnineteenth-centuryadventuretales.InwritingTheLastoftheMohicans,CooperfollowedtheexampleofhiscontemporariesSirWalterScottandtheFrenchwriterAlexandraDumas,whosenovelTheThreeMusketeerstakesevengreaterlibertieswithhistoricaleventsandcharactersthanTheLastoftheMohicans.
B.Anintroductiontothenovel
ThestorytakesplaceinNorthAmerica,neartheriverHudson.TherearetwoEnglishforts,fortEdwardandfortWilliamHenrysurroundedbyIndians,thetribeoftheMohicans,HuronsandDelawares.TheFrenchsoldiersareabouttoattackfortWilliamHenrywhichis15milesawayfromfortEdward.GeneralMunro,theleaderoftheattackedfortasksfortEdward,wherehisdaughtersCoraandAlicelive,forhelp.InfortEdwardtheEnglishsoldiersprepareforhelp.AsecondgroupwhichconsistsofDuncan,anEnglishsoldier,thetwogirlsCoraandAlice,themusicteacherDavidandtheirguideMaguafromtheIndiantribeoftheHuronsalsowanttoleaveandgotofortWilliamHenryonasecretpathacrosstheforest.WhilewalkingthroughthewoodstheirguideMaguadisappears,buttheymeetthreemen:
Chingachgook,thechiefoftheMohicans,hissonUncasandHawkeye,awhiteman,wholiveswiththeMohicansandisthefriendofthechief.Thethreeoffertoguidethemtothefort.OnanislandintheHudsonRiver,wheretheywanttohidethemselvesfromtheIndians,theHuronsattackthem.Hawkeye,UncasandChingachgookcanescape,buttheIndianstakeDuncan,Cora,AliceandDavidasprisoners.Duringtheimprisonment,Magua,thechiefoftheHurons,asksCoratobehiswife,butsherefuseshimandsaysdefinitely“No”.Ashorttimelater,Hawkeye,UncasandChingachgookcanfreethemandtheycontinuethewaytofortWilliamHenry.AsthewholegrouparrivedatfortWilliamHenry,theFrencharejustattackingit.TheFrenchwinthebattle,buttheylettheEnglishleavetheplaceasfreepersons.WhentheEnglishareoutsideoftheforttheHuronsattackthem.MaguacatchesCoraandAliceandmovesaway,Davidfollowsthem.Aftertheothersnoticethekidnappingofthetwogirls,theyfollowthefootprints.TheyfindonlyAlice,becauseCoraistakentothecampoftheDelawares,friendsoftheHurons.TheysetAlicefreeandleavethecampindirectiontotheDelawares.Maguaandhiswarriorsfollowthemafterawhile.TheDelawaresseethegroupofmenwithAliceandtakethemasprisoners.WhenMagua’sgrouparrivetothecamp,theDelawaresbringtheirprisonersbeforehim.Maguawantstotaketheprisonerswithhim,butUncasletsthemunderstandthatheisoneoftheDelawaresbyshowingaspecialsignonhisbody.AstheoldchiefoftheDelawaresrecognizesthatUncasistheyoungchiefofthetribe,hegivesUncas’sfriendsthefreedom.ButMaguapersistsintakingCora,thewomanheloves,withhim.HeisallowedtotakeherbecausehischiefoftheHurons.Heleavesthecampwithher,followedbyUncasandhisfriends.WhentheymeetMaguaandhiswarriorsagain,theyfightagainstthem.MaguaandCorafleeandrunonthetopofthemountain.Whensherepliesagain“No”tothequestionofmarryinghim,hekillsher.Uncaswhoappearscan’thinderthedeathofCora,buthefightswithMaguaandiskilledbyhimaswell.FinallyHawkeyecomesandshootsatMagua,whorunsawayandtriestojumpoveranabyss,buthefallsdowntheabyssanddies.AtthegravesofCoraandUncasallofthefriendsarethereinasadmood,whenHawkeyethewhitemanandChingachgooktheIndiansweartobefriendsforever.
C.Anintroductiontothepostcolonism
Post-colonialismisanintellectualdirection(sometimesalsocalledan“era”orthe“post-colonialtheory”)thatexistssincearoundthemiddleofthe20thcentury.Itdevelopedfromandmainlyreferstothetimeaftercolonialism.Thepost-colonialdirectionwascreatedascolonialcountriesbecameindependent.Nowadays,aspectsofpost-colonialismcanbefoundnotonlyinsciencesconcerninghistory,literatureandpolitics,butalsoinapproachtocultureandidentityofboththecountriesthatwerecolonisedandtheformercolonialpowers.However,post-colonialismcantakethecolonialtimeaswellasthetimeaftercolonialismintoconsideration.
Theultimategoalofpost-colonialismisaccountingforandcombatingtheresidualeffectsofcolonialismoncultures.Itisnotsimplyconcernedwithsalvagingpastworlds,butlearninghowtheworldcanmovebeyondthisperiodtogether,towardsaplaceofmutualrespect.
II.TheanalysisofsymbolsinTheLastofMohicans
TheLastofMohicansisregardedasCooper’smasterpiece.Inthisnovel,theauthorreappearedtrulythesoul-stirringstruggleanddeephistoricchangeswhichhadhappenedatthattime.Throughthesethrillingplots,readerscanseeclearlythecolonists’crueltyandgreedy,thenativeMohicans’sbraveryandkindness.Inordertopresenttheseplotswell,theauthorusesalargenumberofsymbolstopromotethedevelopmentoftheplotsandmakethewholestorycoveredwiththeblackbackground.
A.Briefintroductiontosymbol
1.Theconceptofsymbol
Symbolisanimportanttechniqueofexpressioninliteraturecreation,whichisbasedonacertainrelationbetweendifferentobjectsandhastheaidofsomeconcreteobjects’image(symbolizingobject)toexpresssomeabstractconcept,thoughtandemotion(symbolizedobject).Thatisso-called“placingabstractsenseonaconcreteobject”.
2.Thefeatureofsymbol
Theauthorreposeshisownopinioninthedescribedobjectsratherthanexpressingitdirectly.Thenheexpresseshisownopinionimplicitlythroughthedescription,expressionoftheemotionandcommentonthespecified“objects”.
3.Thefunctionofsymbol
a.Distillsthetheme
Thr
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