difference between expo and argumentation.docx
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difference between expo and argumentation.docx
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differencebetweenexpoandargumentation
对TWE的认识+自己总结的模板
首先,各位朋友在写作前应该了解英文短文的四大种载体(fourkindsofwriting):
记叙文;描写文;说明文和议论文。
简单地说,narration是讲述一个故事;description是描写某人、某物;exposition侧重于解释、说明某事物、某现象、某情况等;argumentation的目的在于使人们信服自己的立场、观点。
综观很多TWE题目后,我们可以发现TWE毫无疑问适合以exposition或argumentation这两种载体操作。
这里我就从个人角度适当分析一下。
每篇文章都必然归属于某一种载体,但同一篇文章中并不排斥其他载体的表达方式,只是有主次之分。
比如,记叙文在叙述一个故事的过程中,常常不可避免地穿插些描写;议论文也可有叙述、描写;说明文更离不开适当的描写甚至议论的配合。
以下我以TWE练笔中的一篇范文举例。
一.载体的穿插使用
QUOTE:
TWE练笔专贴◎第十期Topic15.Neighborsarethepeoplewholivenearus.Inyouropinion,whatarethequalitiesofagoodneighbor?
Usespecificdetailsandexamplesinyouranswer.
作者:
llneaco
Livingintheneighborhood,wecannotavoidrubbingshoulderswithpeopleofallagesandallwalksoflifeeveryday;therefore,thoughnotimperative,itisanywaypreferabletohaveaninhabitantwithagreeablequalitiesresidingnearby.Intermsofthequalitiesofagoodneighbor,asIhaveobserved,couldbeintheroughconcludedas“law-consciousness”,“respectfulness”and“readinesstohelp”.
开头表明了作者的立场:
wecannotavoidrubbingshoulderswithpeopleofallagesandallwalksoflifeeveryday;therefore,thoughnotimperative,itisanywaypreferabletohaveaninhabitantwithagreeablequalitiesresidingnearby.
随后说明了具体的三个方面:
Intermsofthequalitiesofagoodneighbor,asIhaveobserved,couldbeintheroughconcludedas“law-consciousness”,“respectfulness”and“readinesstohelp”.而后面的3个段落,围绕thequalitiesofagoodneighbor这一中心,开展说明。
Inthefirstplace,agoodneighborshouldundoubtedlybewellconsciousaboutthelawbecausenooneiswillingtogetcaughtupinproblemsfromsomeoneelse’sillegalactivities.EventhoughImightnothavecommittedanycrime,Icouldstillbeinvolvedsincetheonewhocommitteditlivesaroundthecornerfrommyhouse.Stillworse,Imightfeelquiteinsecureaboutmypersonalsafetyandpropertylivinginthevicinitywithsuchalawlessperson,whichislikeputtingthecatnearthegoldfishbowl.Inshort,havingasoundknowledgeoflawistheveryprerequisiteofbeingagoodneighbor.
“Respectfulness”isanothertraitofaniceneighbor.By“respectfulness”Iindicatenotonlythecourteousbehaviorwhenneighborsgreetoneanother,butthenoninterferencewitheachother’sprivacyaswell.Consider,agossipkeepspryingintoherneighbors’privatelifeandspreadingoffensiverumorsaround,whichwouldresultinadistortionofthetruthorevenworse,defamationtothepersoninvolved.Anamicableneighbor,consequently,shouldbelesscuriousbutmorerespectfulforothers’personalfreedom.
Whatismore,mostpeopletreasureextraordinarilytheirneighbor’svirtueof“readinesstohelp”,inparticularwhiletheyareinneedofassistanceorsupport.Forinstance,oncetherewasagasexplosioninanapartmentnearourhouseduetothehost’snegligence,andboththehostandthehostesswereburntsobadlythattheycouldhardlyescapefromtheflamingroomthemselves.Thankstoseveralneighborsincludingmyfatherwhofearlesslyrushedintotheapartmentandrescuedtheinjuredintime,thecouplewasthensenttohospitalandhealed.Nowseveralyearshavepassed,thecouplestillmentionsthataccidentoftenwithgreatgratitude.
这里作者就通过叙述一个曾经的故事支持了自己的一个观点,即neighbor’svirtueof“readinesstohelp”
Todrawaconclusion,therearequiteafewnoteworthycharacteristicsofagoodneighbor.AsfarasIamconcerned,tobelaw-conscious,respectfulforsomeoneelse’sprivacyandwillingtohelpothersanytimearethemostessentialones.
首先,我觉得这篇文章在大方向上可以看成是一篇说明文。
说明的内容是:
whatarethequalitiesofagoodneighbor?
接着作者从3个方面对thequalitiesofagoodneighbor下了定义,即:
“law-consciousness”,“respectfulness”and“readinesstohelp”。
而我们又可以把3个理由段的头一句看成一个一个小论点,之后在每段中“摆事实,讲道理”阐述论点,使读者认同。
哎!
又看一遍,还是由衷感叹llneaco写的太好了佩服!
佩服啊!
说明文 顾名思义,目的就是在于进行说明或解释(explain)、分析,向读者传授有关特征、性质、成因、过程等方面的知识,给读者以指导或启发。
说明文是种应用范围很广的载体,教科书、说明书、解说词、内容提要等等都可见其影子。
说明文以说明“什么”(WHAT)、“为何”(WHY)、“如何”(HOW)为主。
写作过程中,应主题明确,中心突出,避免东拉西扯。
尤其要提供例证、事实和细节,并按一定的逻辑顺序来写。
二.说明文
QUOTE:
下面我举例分析下,例如:
TWE练笔专贴◎第六期
Topic43.Whydoyouthinksomepeopleareattractedtodangeroussportsorotherdangerousactivities?
Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.
感谢网友:
Mirrorwind
Manypeopletodayseekforexcitingactivities,andthemoredangeroustheyappear,themorehighly theyareregarded.Whydopeopleholdsuch apreferencedoingthesesportsinsteadofenjoyingthemselvesbyothercomfortableapproaches?
Inmyopinion,therearetwomainreasonsfortheenthusiasmfordangeroussportsandotherdangerousactivities.
Thechiefmotivationdrivingamyriadofpeopletoriskysportsisduethenatureofhumanbeingsassearchingforchallengeandadventure.Consider,alpinistswhotrytoclimbmountainsbyaperilousrouteshowparticularinterestsnotforthismountaintopsbutthechallengeanddifficultiestheymaymeetonthecourseofclimbing.Meanwhile,extremeactivitiesareabletochallengepeoplebothphysicallyaswellaspsychologically.Takemyownexperienceasanexample,lastyearIwenttotheTigerJumpingGorge,whichisconsideredtobeadramaticspotforextremeactivitiesasitshardnatureconditions.Spendingmorethantenhourstotallygoingthroughthatgorge,Ifoundthatexperienceoftestingmybodyandcouragewasextremelyimpressiveasthefirsttimemyinstinctofperseveranceappeared,encouragingmenottogiveup.
Moreover,peoplewhopursuitdangerousactivatescanmeettheirpsychologicalneedsoftoday'sworldofsolvingmentalproblemssuchashighdepression,isolationofpeople,andsoon.Forinstance, inChinanowadaysmanywhitecollarsincosmopolitancitiesholdpassionforhikinginwildlands.Duringtheirtrips,theyoftenfacewithtroubles,evendangerwhilehavingcoarsefoodsanduncomfortableaccommodation.Yet,theystillbelievesuchanapproachindicatesgoodwayforrelaxingandescapingfromdailywork.Manyofsuchyoungpeoplehavespecificclubstoorganizethosesportsregularly,thustherethegroupmemberscangaintheirbeings(belongings)andcommunicatewitheachother,whichseemstobeaneffectiveantidotetolonelinessinbigcities.
Tosumup,dangerousactivitiesandotherformsofcourtingexcitementstemfromthenatureofhumankindasmanypeoplearealwayslookingforsomethingnewandexciting.Inaddition, bytakingpartindangerousactivities,peoplemayfindaway tofightagainstproblemssuchasstressandlonelinessbroughtbymodernlifestyles.(371words)
文章围绕为什么一些人喜欢从事危险的运动或活动展开,作者通过分析,道出了两点理由,告诉大家其中的原因。
即:
thenatureofhumanbeingsassearchingforchallengeandadventure和meettheirpsychologicalneedsoftoday'sworldofsolvingmentalproblems。
当然,文章中作者提供了诸多例证与事实,这样使得文章更具客观性。
最后,例如:
Topic52.Whatchangewouldmakeyourhometownmoreappealingtopeopleyourage?
Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.
Topic36.Chooseoneofthefollowingtransportationvehiclesandexplainwhyyouthinkithaschangedpeople'slives.
oautomobiles obicycles oairplanes
Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.
Topic7.Howdomoviesortelevisioninfluencepeople'sbehavior?
Usereasonsandspecificexamplestosupportyouranswer.
这样的标题都能用exposition的载体进行熟练的操作。
其实在最初阶段,我一直认为TWE应该就是用argumentation的形式来写,走了不少弯路。
直至发现使用exposition载体对某些TOPIC更为适用后,才整理出了今日的观点。
以上就说明文已有了大致的了解,这里仅对议论文进行些微薄的阐述吧。
议论文 的主要目的是让别人信服作者对某一个问题的看法。
在写作过程中,虽然也有说明或解释自己的立场或观点,但其基本特征是说服性的,也就是通过充分的论证来说服别人,或让别人改变观点,转而接受作者的立场观点,或至少使别人对有关问题给予重新思考。
三.议论文
QUOTE:
议论文主要依靠“摆事实、讲道理”来说服别人,具有论点、论据、论证三大要素。
论点:
是作者对某一问题的立场、观点或主张,是全文的核心所在,所以在写作时应做到立论正确,否则全文便会“不攻自破”。
论据:
是作者证明论点的理由和根据,应该做到论据充足有力。
为此,应借助事实、理论等来支持论点。
论证:
本身就是一个“摆事实,讲道理”的过程,应该力争论证严密,可采取一定的推理方法来揭示论点与论据之间的内在联系。
比如:
归纳法、演绎法、类比、反证等。
根据托福作文的考试特点,我们通常可以将一篇文章分为3大部分:
开始段、正文和结尾段。
我总结的具体写法为:
因是应试短文,我们易在“开始段”中,首先提出论点(作者的立场、观点和主张),且最好只有一个,这样可把文章写得更集中、透彻,保证“统一性”。
在“正文”部分,我们应安排充分的论据来证明论点,利用事实、例证、数据、权威性的理论来进行论证。
在此过程中,我们应特别注意表述的逻辑性。
根据多位牛人的经验,采取三段式很有益处。
“结尾段”实际上是下结论或作概括的段落,作者在此重申自己的论点,以加深读者的印象。
Topic71.Whichwouldyouchoose:
ahigh-payingjobwithlonghoursthatwouldgiveyoulittletimewithfamilyandfriendsoralower-payingjobwithshorterhoursthatwouldgiveyoumoretimewithfamilyandfriends?
Explainyourchoice,usingspecificreasonsanddetails.
感谢:
llneaco
Comparingahigh-payingjobwithlonghoursthatwouldgiveonelittletimewithhisfamilyandfriendstoalower-payingprofession withashorterspanthatwouldcatertohisdesireforplentyofleisuregettingtogetherwithhisparentsandbuddies,theformer“offer”mightanywaybemoretemptingsincethemodernworld,thoughitmaybeabittoocrueltobeadmitted,hasforsometime(while)becomea“profit-oriented”one.However,wereIstandingatsuchanonplus,Iwouldneverthelesspreferalessprofitableoccupationratherthanitsalternative,notonlyforthewelfareofmyfamily,myfriends,butformyownsustaininghealthinessaswell.
Firstofall,alightjobmaygrantpeopleabundanttimeseekingandenjoyingthepleasuresoffamilyloveandcomfort.Forourbelovedparents,iftherewasasinglepersontowhomtheyhavealwaysbeenandwouldforeverbeattached,thenitmustbeeachandeveryoneofus,theirownfleshandblood.(theappleintheireyes)Growingupaccompaniedwiththeirprofoundloveandcare,wemightmoreorlesshaveneglectedthatyearshavewrinkledtheskin(face)ofouraffectionateparents,whoarealwaysfeelingsolitaryandunattended.Therefore,spendingmoretimetogetherwithourfatherandmother,incomparisonwithaphonecallorapieceofexpensivegiftfromaremotecity,wouldbenecessarilymoreurgentandpleasingforafilialsonordaughter.
Inaddition,anintimateandfrequentconnection(communication)witho
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