西方基础知识.docx
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西方基础知识.docx
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西方基础知识
1、TwomajorelementsinEuropeanculture:
theGreco-Roman/Judeo-Christian
2、Democracymeans:
“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butby“thewholepeople”,theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens,andcitizenshipwasasetofrightswhichamaninheritedfromhisfather,women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcluded,theyhavenorights.
3、Homerepics:
theIliad/theOdyssey荷马史诗
4、Dramadevelopedinthe5thcenturyB.C
Tragedian悲剧作家
Aeschylus希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯—Prometheus普罗米修斯bound/Persians/Agamemnon阿伽门农,特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅
Sophocles—Oedipus[希神]俄狄浦斯theking/Electra/Antigone[希神]安提歌尼(底比斯王俄狄普斯之女,因违抗禁令而自杀身亡)
Euripides欧里庇得斯(希腊的悲剧诗人)—Andromache/Medea美狄亚(希腊神话中科尔喀斯国王之女,以巫术著称,曾帮助过伊阿宋取得金羊毛)/Trojan特洛伊women
Comedist喜剧作家
Aristophanes—Frogs/clouds/Birdswasps
5、Philosophy
Socrates(ti:
z)苏格拉底:
Dialogues<谈话录>他坚持的观点是人类的美德是一种知识,因此一切恶行都是无知的结果。
Plato(a发ei)柏拉图:
Dialogues对话录/theApology/Symposium(dealingwithbeautyandlove)/theRepublic
Plato’sphilosophyiscalledidealism理想主义,唯心论.
Aristotle亚里斯多德:
Ethics伦理学/Politics/Poetics诗论/Rhetoric修辞学
重点Whatshouldbeman’saiminlife?
Aristotle’sanswerwashappiness,butnothappinessinthevulgarsense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation
Cynics犬儒主义P29
Diogenes第欧根尼(戴奥珍妮丝):
希腊哲学家,哲学犬儒学派奠基人,强调自我控制和推崇善行。
说他曾提着灯在雅典大街漫步寻找诚实的人,decidedtolivelikeadogandtheword“cynic”means“dog”inGreek,herejectedallconventions–whetherofreligion,ofmanners,dress,housing,food,orofdecency.
6、RomanhistoryP38
Theyear27B.CdividedthehistoryofRomeintotwoperiods:
beforethen,Romehadbeenarepublic,inthatyear,OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustus.Twocenturieslater,theRomanempirereacheditsgreatestextend,encirclingtheMediterranean地中海,reachingScotlandinthenorthandspreadingintoArmeniaandMesopotamiaintheeast.Theemperorsreliedonastrongarmy—thefamousRomanLegions古罗马军团(约有3000至6000步兵,辅以数百名骑兵)andanefficientbureaucracy官僚机构toexerttheirrule,whichwasfacilitatedbyawelldevelopedsystemofroads.ThustheRomanenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelastingtwohundredyears,aremarkablephenomenoninhistoryknowasthepaxRoman罗马帝国统治下的和平.
7、Virgil维吉尔(古罗马诗人,公元前70-公元前19)
ThegreatestofLatinpoets,wrotethegreatepic,作品theAeneid《埃涅伊德》.
8、AboutBibleP52
TheBibleisacollectionofreligiouswritingscomprisingtwoparts:
theoldTestament旧约全书andthenewTestament.TheformerisaboutGodandthelawsofGod;thelatter,thedoctrine教义ofJesusChrist(i发ai音),theword"Testament"means“agreement”–namelytheagreementbetweenGodandman.
9、RiseofChristianity(基督教)P73
AttheheartofChristianityisthelifeofJesus:
howhelivedanddiedtoredeem救赎thewholehumanrace.
WhyJesusbecrucified十字架钉死?
Jesuspropagated传播thefaithaboutGod—menshouldbelieveinGodandlovehimandbehavelikeGod’schildrenandloveanother.“everyoneisequal”beforeGod.
InAD30,inGalilee,Jesuswasregardedas被认作adangerousmanthatthreatentheclique派系inpower.Attheendofthreeyears,hewentwithhisdisciples(disaipl)信徒toJerusalem耶路撒冷forthePassover逾越节,butwasbetrayedbyJuda.Jesuswasrushedtotrialandcrucifiedasarevolutionarypreacheranddangerousreformer.
10、TranslationsoftheBibleP86
Aramaicdialect亚拉姆语
Hebrew希伯莱
Vulgateedition拉丁文圣经
11、What’smeanscodeofChivalry骑士制度?
P94
Asaknight,hewaspledged誓言toprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandrespectwomenofnoblebirth贵族出身.TheseruleswereknowasacodeofChivalry.
12、基督教是如何成为合法的唯一宗教并被尊为国教P76
Constantine康斯坦丁大帝,whowonwarbetweenrivalsforthethrone君主andtheemperorofRoman.HebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattle,issuedtheEdictofMilanin313.Itgranted准予religionsfreedomtoall,andmadeChristianitylegal.
In392A.D,emperorTheodosiusmadeChristianity,theofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawed宣布...为不合法allotherreligious.
13、Thecrusades十字军名字的由来?
为什么东征及东征的意义P99
Toexpresstheirreligiousfeelings,manypeopleinthemiddleAgeswentonjourneystosacred神圣的placeswhereearlyChristianleadershadlived.ThemostimportantofallwasJerusalem耶路撒冷.Butin1071Palestine(e发i音)felltothearmiesoftheTurkishMoslemswhounliketheArabsattackedtheChristianpilgrims朝圣者,killingmanyofthemandsoldmanyothersasslaves.Newofthiskindroused激起greatindignationamongChristiansinwesternEurope.TheresultwasaseriesofHolywars圣战calledcrusades十字军东侵whichwentonabout200years.AllthesoldiersgoingtoPalestineworearedcrossonthetunics束腰外衣assymbolofobedience顺从toGod.
Significance:
1*althoughthecrusadesdidnotachievetheirgoaltoregaintheHolyland,theyhadanimportanteffectonthefutureofboththeeastandwest.Theybroughttheeastintoclosercontactwiththewest,andtheygreatlyinfluentonhistoryofEurope.
2*crusadeshelpedtobreakdownfeudalism封建主义.
3*thecrusadesalsoresultedinrenewingpeople’sinterestinlearningandinvention.
14、NationalEpicsP105
TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge古希腊的“英雄时代”
1*Beowulf(700~750A.D),anAnglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊人epic.
2*SongofRolan罗兰之诗—about12thA.D
Itisthemostwell-knownofagroupofFrenchepicsknowsasLaChansondegestes.P111
15、Dante但丁Alighieri,Italy,greatestpoet.Thedivinecomedy《神曲》P118
16、Renaissance(nei)文艺复兴means?
14th~mid17thP129
Theword“Renaissance”meansrevival,specificallyinthisperiodofhistory,revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.
Subject:
humanity人权/Christianity神权
17、文艺复兴时期的新文学
GiovanniBoccaccio卜伽丘,Decameron(di)《十日谈》,其中收集了以逃避黑死病为忧郁背景的100个故事,100talestoldbyontheirwaytoescapetheblackdeathof1348,thetalesarewitty,licentious(ai)放荡的,fullofpraiseoftrueloveandwisdomandalsosatire(tai)讽刺文学onthehypocrisy伪善ofthepriestandthearistocrat贵族.
18、MartinLuther路德,马丁:
(1483-1546)德国神学家、欧洲宗教改革运动的领袖。
他反对教会阶层的富有和腐败,认为只要在信仰的基础上即可获得超度,而不须借助于教会的典籍,这些观点使他于1521年与天主教会脱离。
他肯定了1530年的奥格斯堡忏悔会,成功的建立了堤路德教会andhisDoctrinesP145
Germanleaderoftheprotestant(tis)(新教)reformation欧洲宗教改革运动.Hequotedthescripture基督教经文insupportofhisbeliefthatmenareredeemedbyfaithandnotbythepurchase(以某种代价)换得ofindulgences特许.
19、JohnCalvin卡尔文,约翰:
(1509-1564)法裔瑞士新教神学家,他破除了罗马教会统治(1533年),在今天为人所知的基督教学院(1536年)中将他自己的神学教义推向前进andCalvinism卡尔文主义:
约翰·卡尔文的宗教教义,强调上帝是万能的,以及仁慈上帝对人的超度作用p147
Frenchtheologian,work:
institutesoftheChristianreligion
CalvinismstressedtheabsoluteauthorityoftheGod’swill,holdingthatonlythosespeciallyelectedbyGodaresaved.Hebeliefwasthatanyformofsinfulnesswasalikelysign.
20、MigueldeCervantes塞万提斯,西班牙人1547-1616,renaissanceinSpain.
1*withthepublicationofdonQuixote<<堂吉诃德>>,theEuropeannovelenteredanewstage.
2*donQuixotewasaparody滑稽satirizing(i)讽刺性描写averypopulartypeofliteratureatthetime,theromanceofchivalry.It’ssourcesareromanticaswellasrealistic,truthfulandimaginative.
3*itisrecognizedasthefatherofthemodernEuropeannovel,andhashadgreatimpactonworldliterature.
21、WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚,威廉:
(1564-1616)英国戏剧家和诗人,他的作品被认为是英语文学作品中最伟大的戏剧,其中大多在伦敦的全球戏院演出过,包括历史作品,例如理查德二世;喜剧包括无事生非和皆大欢喜;悲剧包括哈姆雷特、奥赛罗和李尔王麦克白。
他还作过154首十四行诗。
他最早的戏剧集子,第一对开本,包含了36个戏剧,并在他死后出版(1623年)renaissanceinEnglandP176
Shakespearewasamanofthelaterenaissancewhogavethefullestexpressiontohumanistideals.
HewasinLondonasactor,poetandplaywright(剧作家),withoccasionalvisitstohishometown.
Hamlet哈姆勒特kingLear李尔王Macbeth麦克白Othello奥赛罗
Asyoulikeit
AnthonyCleopatra安东尼和克里巴特拉
Thesonnets十四行诗
22、SirIsaalNewton牛顿1642-1727P193
Ofallhisachievementinphysics,hisdiscoveryofthelawoftheuniversalgravitation万有引力isthemostimportant,whichstatesthateverybodyattractsotherwithforcedirectlyproportional(成比例的)totheproductoftheirmassesandinverselyproportional(负比例)tothesquareofdistancebetweenthem.
23、FrancisBacon培根,弗朗西斯:
(1561-1626)英国哲学家、随笔作家、朝臣、法理学家和政治家。
TherealfatherofEnglishmaterialism唯物主义。
Theimportanceoftheexperiments.
其作品包括论科学的价值和发展(1605年)和新工具论(1620年),在这部著作里他提出了以观察和实验为基础的科学认识理论,作为归纳法理论逐渐为人所知P196
AnEnglishphilosopher,essayistandstatesman.
Works:
theadvancementoflearning
ThenewAtlantis
Newmethod新工具
Essays(e)培根语录
重要Twomethodsinthenovumorganum新工具论:
1*inductionmeansreasoningfromparticularfactsorindividualcasestoageneralconclusion.归纳法:
由特殊的事实或例子推理出的普遍性规律的过程
2*deductionmethod演绎法emphasizedreasoningfromaprinciplesotheunknownandfromthegeneraltothespecific.从所述前提得出一个结论;从一般推向特殊的推论
24、JohnLocke洛克1632-1704,英国哲学家P204
Englishempiricist经验主义者andanoutstandingpoliticalphilosopher.
Hismaterialistviews唯物主义观点areexpressed明确的inoneofhischiefworks:
Essayconcerninghumanunderstanding1960
Hisbasictheoryisthatallourideasareultimately根本、最终derived起源fromsensationorfromreflection,thatthesetwomakeupexperienceandthatallourknowledgespringsfrom来自experience.
25、JohnMilton米尔顿1608-1674,英国诗人P212
Epicpoems:
paradiselost《失乐园》/paradiseregained/Samsonagonist力士参孙
26、ReneDescartes(deika:
t)笛卡尔,莱恩:
(1596-1650)法国数学家,哲学家,因将笛卡尔坐标体系公式化而被认为是解析几何之父。
他的哲学思想基于唯理性的前提“我思故我在”1596-1650P213
Dualism二元论,thebodyisseparatedfromthemind.
Aphilosopher,physicistandmathematiciam.
HisbelievedthatmodernphilosophybeginswithBacon培根inEnglandandwithReneDescartesinFrance.
Majorworks:
rulesfordirectionofthemind
Discourseon详论method
Meditations(沉思)concerningfirstphilosophyandobjectionsandreplies
27、Frenchclassicism古典运动andwhatisclassicism?
P127
Classicismimpliestherevivaloftheformsandtraditionsoftheancientword,areturntoworksofoldGreek
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