美国内战与重建美国内战与重建transcript15.docx
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美国内战与重建美国内战与重建transcript15.docx
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美国内战与重建美国内战与重建transcript15
CivilWarandReconstruction:
Lecture15Transcript
March4,2008
< ProfessorDavidBlight: Goodmorning.I'mgoingtotalktodayaboutturningpoints,andonThursdayaboutturningpoints,andbeyondthat,probably,aboutturningpoints.Butletmelayoutrightnowmyownsortofselectivelist,shortlist,ofthemostimportantturningpointsintheCivilWar;makethelistandthenwewillcomebacktothem.Nowthisisanymilitaryhistorian's,oranyCivilWarhistorian'sguess,ofcourse.Butthere'snoquestionthattheAntietamcampaignof1862isamajorturningpointintheCivilWar,andI'llselectthatasmyfirst.Therearethingshappeningbeforethatthatareterriblyimportant,likethesavingofRichmond,againstMcClelland'sPeninsulaCampaigninJuneandJulyof'62.ButitisthisfirstinvasionoftheNorthbyRobertE.Lee,culminatinginthebloodiestsingledayoftheCivilWar;over5000dead,23,000casualtiesineighthours,onfieldsalongalittlecreekinsouthwesternMarylandthatnotonlystoppedthisfirstmajorinvasionoftheNorthandthisthreatofasouthernarmytonorthernsoil,northernresources,andnortherncities,butitofcourseresultedinLincoln'sEmancipationProclamation,whichtransformedthepurposeofthewaronbothsides;backtothatinasecond. Thesecondmajorturningpointinthewar,militarily,I'dargue,asmostpeopledo,wastheBattleofGettysburginJulyof1863andthedayafterthethreedays'battleatGettysburg.Thebloodiestencounteroftheentirewar,ifyouaddupthethreedays'casualtiesofalmost56,000deadandwounded,inthreedays--thatbattle,ofcourse,stoppedLee'ssecondinvasionoftheNorth,andwe'llcometothatinamoment,atleastinbriefterms.OnthedayafterPickett'sChargeatGettysburgonthe4thofJuly1863,thekindofcitadelrivertownorcityofVicksburg,MississippifelltoUnionforces,afterasiegeofnearlysixmonths.WhenGranttookVicksburgonthe4thofJulyin1863,itvirtuallyopeneduptheentireMississippiRivertoUnioncontrol;itcutgeographicallytheConfederacyinhalf;itisolatedArkansas,LouisianaandTexasfromtherestoftheConfederacy.Itwaswithoutaquestion,atleastinthelong-term,adecisiveturningpointinthewarintheWest.Athirdmajorturningpoint,I'dargue,istheFallofAtlantainSeptember1864;andwe'llcomethatlateron,afterthebreak.Afourthmajorturningpointinthewar,politically,withoutanyquestionIthink,istheElectionof1864,theonlytimeinmodernhistorythatarepublicattemptedtoholdageneralelectioninthemidstofcivilwarandsucceededindoingit.There-electionofLincolnin1864wasabsolutelycrucialtotheprosecutionofthewartotheends,theLincolnadministrationatleast,bythen,haddeterminedtofightit.ButwithoutthefallofAtlanta,thefirstweekofSeptember1864,it'snotatallclearLincolnwould'vebeenre-elected,andmoreonthatlater. Andthenfifth,youcouldargue,Iwouldargue,thegreatestsingleturningpointintheCivilWar,deeplyrelatedtothesemilitarybattlefrontaffairs,isemancipation.Theemancipationof4.2millionAmericanslavesinthemidstofeventuallyall-out,neartotalwarbytheNorthontheSouth,todestroysouthernsocietyanditsinstitutions,transformedAmericanhistory,morethanjusttransformingawar.That'sthethemeofthislectureandThursday'slecture,andeventosomeextentbeyond.Itisthoseresultsbeyondthebattlefieldthatultimatelyitisourobligationtounderstand.It'simportant,it'sanobligationtounderstandwhytheBattleofAntietamturnedthewayitdid,andit'sanobligationtounderstandwhyLeeisinvadingtheNorthasecondtimein1863,andwhythatencounteratGettysburgturnedoutthewayitdid.Butbythenitisawarbeingfoughtforsomethingverydifferent,andmuch,muchlargerthanithadbeenattheoutset. OnewayintothisstoryisaverysimplequotationinoneofthoseinterviewsheldwithformerslavesintheWPAOralHistoryNarrativesinthe1930s.Theseweretheinterviews,over3000ofthemdonewithex-slaves,manyofthemintheireighties,someevenintheirnineties.AguynamedCorneliusGarnerwasinterviewedin1937,atage91.HewasaskedifhehadfoughtintheCivilWar,andCorneliusrepliedtohisinterviewer,whowasablackinterviewerinthiscase,"DidIfightintheWar? WellifIhadn'tyouwouldn'tbesittin'therewritin'atmetoday."HethenwentontodescribeacornerofhisnativeNorfolk,VirginiawhereslaveauctionsusedtobeconductedonNewYear'sDay."Thatday,NewYear'sDay,"saidGarner,shouldbekeptbyallthecoloredpeople.Thatisthedayoffreedom.AndtheyoughttorememberFrederickDouglasstoo.FrederickDouglasstoldAbeLincoln,'Givetheblackmangunsandlethimfight.'AndAbeLincolnsay,'IfIgivehimagun,whenitcometobattlehemightrun.'AndFrederickDouglasssay,'Tryhim,andyou'llwinthewar.'AndAbesaid,'Allright,I'lltryhim.'"Nowthat'sasimplistic,homespunexplanationforhowemancipationcameabout.Over180,000African-AmericanswillendupintheUnionarmies.ButoldCorneliuswasn'tentirelywrong. Allright,backtoVirginia,in1862.I'llputtheoutlinebackupifweneedit.Idon'tknowifyoucanseeallofthatbutIhopeyoucanseesomeofit.IleftyouwithMcClellan'sarmyonthepeninsulahavingbeendefeated.IthoughtI'dshowyouacoupleofmagnificentMathewBradyphotographs.Photography,ofcourse,hadfinallycomeintoitsown.TheCivilWarwouldbethefirstmajoreventinworldhistorytobephotographedonalargescale,andit'sinpartwhatmadeKenBurns'sfilmpossible,especiallytheuseofthatcameratheynowthathavethatcangointoanolddaguerreotypetype,whichisn'tanybiggerthanthis,andmakeitseemlikeagiantpanorama.ThisisaphotographtakenbehindUniontroopsoverlookingtheCumberlandRiverinMay1862;that'sbeforetheBattleoftheSevenDays,that'sduringthemarchbyMcClellan'sarmyupthepeninsula.Idon'thowwellyoucanseethatbutthat'sanabsolutelystunningphotographofaUnionwagontrainononeofthesemakeshiftbridges.Theywouldbuildthesethingsinafewhours,overalltheserivers,whichinMayof1862werefloodingconstantly.It'sUniontroopscrossingtheChickahominyRiver,justeastofRichmond,May1862. Now,whathappenednextofcoursewas--andthisiswhereIleftyou--wasLee'sfatefuldecisiontonotstayandjustdefendRichmond;sonotjustleavethewarinCentralVirginia.HavingdefeatedorheldbackMcClellan'sarmy,andwithacertaindegreeofconfidencethatMcClellanprobablywouldbeMcClellanandnotmove,hedecidedtoinvadetheNorth.Nowtherewereallthesehigh-levelcouncilsofwarinRichmondbetweenJeffersonDavis,Leeandhisgenerals.Therewereargumentsforandagainstit.ButLeewontheday,andtheargument,andhewentwestbehindtheBlueRidgemountainsandinvadedtheNorththroughtheupperpartoftheShenandoahValley,thegoalofwhichwastonotattackWashington,D.C.,byanymeans--IthinkIhaveabettermappossibly;yes,maybethathelpsalittlebetter--nottoattackWashingtonornecessarilytoeventhreatenPhiladelphiadirectly.Leehadnointentionoftakingoveranynortherncities.Hecouldn'tdothat.Hedidn'thavetheresources.Hedidn'thaveanarmybigenough.Howwouldhehaveoccupiedthem? Butwhathemostwantedtodo,theaimofthisinvasion,waswantingtotakethewaroutofravagedVirginia;tothreatennortherncities,especiallytheU.S.capital;totrytobringabout--andGreatBritainwasonthebrinkofthis,andI'llcomebacktothatforeignpolicydiplomaticstoryabitlater--butGreatBritainwastrulyonthebrinkofnearrecognition,atleastakindofquasi-recognitionoftheConfederacy,andthetheoryherewasthatiftheConfederateforcescouldwinamajorvictory,somewhereonnorthernsoil,getintoPennsylvania,doittwiceover,liveofftheland,possiblyevenforcetheevacuationoftheU.S.capital,thatnewsofthatinGreatBritainmightbringaboutBritishrecognitionoftheConfederacyasthelegitimategovernment,andespeciallygivetheConfederacyaccesstoitsnavy,ifnoteventhepossibilityofgroundforces.Andbytheway,aBritishforcehadalreadybeensenttoCanadainearly1862forthepossibilityofinterventionintheAmericanCivilWar. Now,therewasalsoatheoryhereatworkthatisgoingtobedeadwrong.Leebelieved,asdidotherConfederateleaders,thatinMaryland,inparticular,therewasagreatdealofConfederatesympathyandsentiment,andalotofyoungMarylandmen,thetheorywas,eagertojointheConfederateforcesiftheycouldjustgetoutofMaryland.AndthatmarchingConfederateArmywasgoingtoattractthem;atleastthatwasthetheory.TheproblemwaswhenyoungmenactuallysawthatConfederateArmy,theywereappalled,becausethatConfederateArmythatinvadedacrossthePotomacRiver--theycrossedthePotomaconSeptember4andSeptember5,1862--wasanarmythathadapparentlyremarkable,almostmiraculousmorale;theywerewinners.TheyhadjustdefeatedaUnionArmywithMcClellan'swholeforcestillbackonthepeninsula.The40to50,000UniontroopsstillguardingWashington,DCweredecisively,horriblydefeatedintheBattleofSecondManassas,thelasttwodaysofAugust,the29thand30thof1862.ThatUnionArmyretreatedonceagain--foughtonthesamefieldsasFirstBullRun,thirteenmonthsearlier--retreatedintoWashington,DC.Washington,DC,onSeptember1st1862,waslikeagiantfieldhospital.Thereweresome3to4,000woundedUnionsoldiersalloverthestreetsofWashington,abrokenarmy,withMc
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