高一语法知识点复习.docx
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高一语法知识点复习.docx
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高一语法知识点复习
高一语法知识点复习
一、定语从句
1.定语从句:
修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.先行词:
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词、甚至词组或句子叫先行词。
3.关系词:
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等; 关系副词有where, when, why等。
4.关系词常有3个作用:
1>引导定语从句。
2>代替先行词。
3>在定语从句中担当一个成分
二.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在从句中做主语。
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
注意:
关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
3. which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时,相当于who 或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
(1) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
= The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导。
The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
= The school in which he once studied is very famous.
注意:
1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:
look for, look after, take care of等。
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose 。
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四.关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语,用以修饰表时间的名词。
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语,用以修饰表地方的名词。
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语 ,用以修饰thereason.
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意:
关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换。
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
五.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句先行词为一般名词且本身并未具特殊性,可用定语从句加以限制,以加强其特殊性。
限制性定语从句,将之译为“……的”,其关系代词前不置逗号。
翻译时,先译定语从句,再译先行词。
(1)Heisaboywhoworkshard.
(2) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
(3) China is a country which has a long history.
2.非限制性定语从句。
先行词为专有名词(如Tom、John、Africa)及独一性名词,如father(爸爸只有一个),之后若接关系代词所引导的定语从句时,该关系代词之前一定要置逗号。
此时该定语从句就称为非限制性定语从句。
专有名词或独一性名词本身就具有特殊性,不必再用定语从句加以限定。
(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
(2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
难点分析
(一)限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况
1.当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时。
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意:
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
Any man that/who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当形容词被the very, the only修饰时
(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
(二)关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。
具体情况是:
1.As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
另外,as有“正如„„,正像„„”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can learn from his accent.
注意:
当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which。
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 当先行词受such, the same修饰时,常用as。
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意:
当先行词由the same修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as 所引导的定
语从句意思不同。
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.
(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
(3)以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导,而且通常可以省略。
The way(in which/ that) he answered the question was surprising.
(四)but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don't )
注意事项
1.关系代词的省略:
限制性定语从句中,若关系代词为及物动词的宾语,则该关系代词可省略。
若关系代词为介词的宾语,介词移至定语从句的句尾时,该关系代词亦可省略。
例:
ThisistheboywhomIsawyesterday.
=ThisistheboyIsawyesterday.
定语从句专项练习
1. A football fan is _____ has a strong interest in football.
A. that B. who C. a person who D. what
2. The house, _____ was destroyed in the terrible fire, has been repaired.
A. whose roof B. which roof C. its roof D. the roof
3. Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day?
A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked D. you talked about
4. The matter _____ you were arguing about last night has been settled.
A. that B. what C. why D. for which
5. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
6. Who _____ has common sense(常识) will do such a thing?
A. which B. who C. whom D. that
7. All the apples _____ fell down were eaten by the pigs.
A. that B. those C. which D. what
8. They asked him to tell them everything _____ he saw at the front.
A. what B. that C. which D. where
9. I’ll tell you _____ he told me last night.
A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all
10. A child _____ parents have died is called an orphan.
A. who B. who’s C. whose D. which
11. Is this the museum _____ you visited the other day?
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
12. Is this museum _____ some German friends visited last Wednesday?
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
13. — How do you like the book?
— It’s quite different from _____ I read last month.
A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what
14. Is that the reason _____ you are in favor of the proposal?
A. which B. what C. why D. for that
15. The train _____ she was traveling was late.
A. which B. where C. on which D. in that
16. He has lost the key to the drawer _____ the papers are kept.
A. where B. on which C. under which D. which
17. Antarctic _____ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
A. which B. where C. that D. about which
18. He arrived at a time, ______, in his opinion, was rather inappropriate for them.
A. that B. / C. which D. when
19. He often helps the students _____ he thinks are not quick at their studies.
A. whom B. who C. when D. because
20. The Second World War _____ millions of people were killed ended in 1945.
语法复习之费谓语动词
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词。
非谓语动词一直是高考中的热点。
解答非谓语动词的题目时,一定要解析句子结构,确定所设空是谓语动词还是非谓语动词,以及非谓语动词在句子中充当的功能(如状语、定语或宾补);找准相关动词的逻辑主语,确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被动);搜索句子中相关的时间信息,确定非谓语动词的恰当形式。
非谓语
功能
形式
动名词
具有名词功能,常在句中作主语,宾语
主动式
doing
被动式
beingdone
完成式
havingdone/havingbeendone
现在
分词
表主动和正在进行,常在句中作定语,状语,宾补
一般式
doing
完成式
havingdone
过去
分词
表被动和已完成,常在句中作定语,状语,补语
一般式
done
进行式
beingdone
完成式
havingbeendone
动词
不定式
表将来具体某一次,常在句中作主语,定语,状语,补语,宾语等
一般式
todo/tobedone
进行式
tobedoing
完成式
tohavedone/tohavebeendone
非谓语动词的考查要点
1.动词不定式复习中应注意的几个问题
(1)不定式作表语与“be+to do sth.”的异同。
不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。
My job is to teach English.(说明内容) be+to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)
He is to go abroad.
(2)后接不定式作宾语的词语。
下列词语常接不定式作宾语:
afford,promise,refuse,expect,hope,learn,offer,wish,want,fail,plan,agree,forget,like,prefer,decide,manage,try,arrange,determine,desire等。
下列词语后可接“疑问词+不定式”:
teach,decide,wonder,show,learn,forget,ask,find out,advise,discuss等。
(3)如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。
①动词(短语)see,watch,notice,hear,listen to,observe,feel,taste,smell,make,let,have等的宾补用动词原形,变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。
②常用不定式作宾补的几种情况:
主语+ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like+sb.to do sth.
主语+think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imagine/feel+sb.+to be/to have done 主语+call on/upon/depend on/wait for/ask for+sb.+to do sth.
(4)不定式作定语的特殊用法。
①下列词语后常接不定式作定语:
chance,wish,right,courage,need,promise,time,opportunity,way,the first,the second,the last,the only等。
②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。
There is no one to look after her.
③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。
She is now looking for a room to live in. (5)不定式作状语的用法。
不定式作状语,在句中主要表示目的、结果、原因等。
only to do表示出人意料的结果。
We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.
in order (not) to,so as (not) t
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