高级英语写作级试题C.docx
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高级英语写作级试题C.docx
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高级英语写作级试题C
《高级英语写作》期末试题C卷
开卷()闭卷(■)适用专业年级:
英语、英语(经贸)、英语(旅游)2009级
姓名学号专业班级座位号
本试题一共三道大题,共页,满分100分。
考试时间120分钟。
总分
题号
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阅卷人
题分
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30
核分人
得分
注1.所有答案写在答题纸上,写在试卷上一律无效。
2.试卷若有雷同以零分计。
3.考试结束后,试卷和答题纸一并交回。
PartIAccordingtothefollowingabstractandkeywordsofathesis,pleasestatetheRATIONALE,OBJECTIVEandTHEORETICALFRAMEoftheresearch.(30%)
Abstract:
Anykindoftranslation,literaryorunliterary,isboundupwiththeunderstandingandexplicationofsourcetext.Thisnatureoftranslationdeterminesitscloserelationwithhermeneutics—theoryofunderstandingandexplanationinacertaindegree.ThedebatingofthemodernWesternhermeneuticstheoristsprovidesusacompletelynewHorizontoexaminetranslation.Basedontheirtwodiametricallyopposedviewpointsonauthor'smeaning,thepresentpapertriestodiscusssuchproblemsastranslatabilityanduntranslatabilityinnewperspectives.
Keywords:
author'smeaning;meaningoftext;hermeneutics;translationstudies
关键词:
作者本意;本文本意;解释学;翻译研究
PartIIChoosearesearchpapertitlefrombelowandOUTLINEthisresearchpaperwiththeFIVE-CHAPTEREDframe.(40%)
Title1:
UnderstandingofFrameTheory:
FromFramedSchematoDynamicFrame
(Abstract:
Throughtheanalysisofframestructure,itsinnerpartsandconstruction,theessayproposesthatframeisadynamicandhierarchicalstructureconsistingofschema.Beingdynamic,thehierarchyofframeisnotpyramided,buttopologicallyoverlapping.Inthedynamiccourse,framecanbedeconstructedandreconstructed.Theanalysishelpsbetterunderstandframetheoryandbetterunderstandtheconnotationoftheframestructure.)
Title2:
AcademicInnovationandDisciplinePioneeringinComparativeLiteratureResearch
(Abstract:
Takingcreativetreasoninliterarytranslationasitsontology,thetransmissionofculturalimages,themisinterpretationinliterarytranslation,thehistoryoftranslatedliterature,andthehistoryofliterarytranslationasitsobjects,AnIntroductiontoMedio-TranslatologywrittenbyXieTianzhenmarksthebirthofanewdiscipline.Medio-Translatologygreatlybroadenstheacademicvisionoftraditionaltranslationresearch,enlargesitsobjectsandenrichesitsmethodology,thusbecomingamodelofacademicinnovationanddisciplinepioneering.)
Title3:
Author'sMeaningandtheMeaningofText———HermeneuticsandTranslationStudies
(Abstract:
Anykindoftranslation,literaryorunliterary,isboundupwiththeunderstandingandexplicationofsourcetext.Thisnatureoftranslationdeterminesitscloserelationwithhermeneutics—theoryofunderstandingandexplanationinacertaindegree.ThedebatingofthemodernWesternhermeneuticstheoristsprovidesusacompletelynewHorizontoexaminetranslation.Basedontheirtwodiametricallyopposedviewpointsonauthor'smeaning,thepresentpapertriestodiscusssuchproblemsastranslatabilityanduntranslatabilityinnewperspectives)
PartIIIJudgethedigestofaLiteratureReviewofagraduationpaperaccordingtothescoringcriteria,andstateyouropinionforgivingthepoints.(30%)
Scoringcriteria:
Points
0
1
2
3
4
5
Frame
Mess
withoutanyclue
Messbutwithclues
Messbutlogical
Fairlyorder
with
logic
Orderandlogical
Accurateinbothorderandlogic
DigestedAbstract:
2.1.1Conditionalstudyfromlogicalandphilosophicalperspectives
Thereviewoftheresearchesofconditionalsisintheconsiderationsreasonablyfromthelogicalandphilosophicalperspectives.Tworelationsareconcerned:
firstly,theconnectionbetweenconditionalsandarguments;secondly,theconnectionbetweenconditionalsandthefocusoflogiconargumentanalysis(ThedescriptioninthissectionismainlybasedonVidal,2002),atlast,theconnectionbetweenconditionalsandtheimportanceoflogicforphilosophy.Thedebateoverconditionalscanbereviewedbacktotheancientstudies.Itisacommonsensethatlogicisalwaysthoughtofasthetheoryofreasoning.Forthesake,conditionallogichasbeendevelopedasadevicetogiveanaccountofhowtogetaresultfromcondition(s)intheformofif-conditional:
ifp,thenq.Thiskindoflogicaloperationisveryold,andcanatleastbedatedbacktostoics.Atthattime,“differentconceptionswerealreadyincompetitionandnonemanagedtogainuniformagreement.”(Vidal2002:
2)AccordingtoVidal(2002),thedevelopmentofconditionallogicagainstthebackgroundofmodernlogicisquiteinteresting,thoughcontroversial.“Infact,itshowsthedevelopmentofthefieldasanautonomousoneandthecomplexityoftheproblemareexemplifiedbythevariousattemptstoresolveit.”(Vidal2002:
2)Thevariousattemptsrepresentedbydifferentscholarswillbebrieflysurveyedhere.
Intheareaofmodernlogic,discussionsaboutitshistoryanddevelopmenthasbeeninterestedandresearchedbythescholarssuchasFrege,Russell.AlthoughFrege’snewtheoryofquantificationandRussell&Whitehead’sdistinctionofthepropositionallevelareofgreatacademicsignificanceinmodernareaoflogic,theirinsightfulideasdon’thavemuchtodowiththestudyofif-conditionals.ThefirstanalysisofconditionalsfromthepointofviewoflogicalconnectivewhichlogiciansnownametruthtablewassuggestedbyPeirceandWittgensteinrespectively.Themostimportantnotionadoptedtheninthisrespectwas“materialimplication”.Astothiskindofenvisagement,evenatthattimedifferentvoiceswerealreadyheard,especiallyinthecaseswherethereisafalseantecedentasisshowninthefollowing:
PQP→Q
-++
Itisstrangethatafalseconditionwouldbringaboutatrueconclusion.Lewisattemptedtosolvetheproblembygivinganewwayofanalysistothematerialimplication.Hesuggestedtherelationpostulatedbetweentheantecedentandtheconsequenthastobenecessary,andheevenproposedseveralsystemstoembodythedifferentintuitionsconcerningthenotionsofnecessityandpossibility.Althoughhisefforttoresolvetheproblemwasnotpersuasiveenough,itprovidedanacademicpathleadingtothefruitfuldevelopmentofmodallogic.Lateron,Ramsey,anothergreatlogicianandphilosopheratthatperiod,suggestedathoughtexperimenttojudgethetruth-valueofaconditional.Theyearof1946sawtheappearanceofanimportantarticle“Theproblemofcounterfactualconditionals”byGoodmanofHarvardUniversity,oneofthemostdistinguishedphilosophersinthelasthalf-century,whichparticularlydealtwiththespecificproblemsconcerningtheso-calledsubjunctiveconditionals.Furthermore,heusheredinthecentraltaskofmakingmuchaccountoftheuseofconditionalsinnaturallanguageandnotonlyinmathematics.Goodmanalsoexposedthedifficultiesoftheclaimsbythoseempiricistlogicianswhoattemptedtoreduceallscientificlanguagetoaformalone,latercamethetimefortheseriouseffortstosolve“theproblemofcounterfactualconditionals”.StalnakerandLewisputforwardrespectivelytheideastodealwiththeproblemwhytruthmaygointheabsenceoffact.(Stalnaker1968,Lewis1973)
Theseworksrepresentedtherealgrowthofthefieldinwhichcounterfactualconditionalsaresystematicallystudied.Byimportingandadaptingthetechniquesinheritedfrommodallogic,theygavethefirstseriousanalysistothiskindofconditionalfromthepointofviewofphilosophyaswellasfromrigoroussyntacticandsemanticconsiderations.Butforeachoftheseanalyses,bothexamplesandcounterexamplesmightbefound.Newthoughtswhichwouldseemquitedifferentfromthetraditionalanalysesalsocamethattheindicativeconditional,whichcanberoughlyassignedasthematchingpiecetothecounterfactualconditional,mightbeshednewlightuponwhenanalyzedinapragmatictheoreticalframework,andthattheanalysisofconditionalscanalsobebasedonprobability.Grice(1975)andLewis(1973)arerepresentativesoftheformer,andAdams(1975)andJackson(1987),thelatter.
Fromthe1980s,thestudyofconditionalsbegantointegratewithotherfields,mostnoticeablebranchesbeingthestudyofnonmonotoniclogicandtheresearchofartificialintelligence.Newinsightsandpointsofviewarepresentedinalloftheseapproaches,enrichingtheavailabledata.
Finally,theconsiderationofconditionalsinmathematicsatthattimeshowedgreatprogresswiththeresultthatonecoulddistinguishtwodifferentusagesofconditionals.Thefirstoneistheuseinmathematicalreasoningandthesecondinnaturallanguage.Whiletraditionallyconditionallogicconcernsonlythisseconduse,onemaynoticethattheestablishmentofmathematicalconditionalreasoningsurelyhasbuiltitsrootsinnaturallanguageuse.Actually,onemayfindthatthepracticalrulesandconventionsofthenaturalconditionalsconstitutedthemainoperationalmodelsworkableinmathematicalreasoning.Accordingly,thestudyofconditionalsinnaturallanguagecouldhavescientificinfluenceonthestudyofformallogics,becauseunderstandingthemechanismofconditionalreasoninginitsnaturallanguagecontextcouldshedlightupontheestablishmentofthatofmathematicalreasoning.Cohenlistedthreefactorsthathavegivengreatimpulsetotheformalstudyofconditionals.
First,therewerethegreatadvancesinformallogics,notablythedevelopmentofrigorousaxiomaticandalgebraicmethodologiesandtheirdeploymenttothefieldsofmulti-valued,modal,andrelevancelogics.Thisgrewoutofandreinforcedthetraditionalconcernwithconditionalsasrepresentativeoflogicalinferences.LogicalPositivism’sconcernwiththelanguageofscienceprovidedasecondmotivation,bybringingthesubclassofcounterfactualconditio
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