美国文学史大三下期末复习笔记整合.docx
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美国文学史大三下期末复习笔记整合.docx
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美国文学史大三下期末复习笔记整合
1607---1775ColonialPeriod
1775---1865theEarlyNationalPeriod
1828---1865RomanticPeriodinAmerican
1865---1914RealisticPeriod
1914---1939ModernLiterature
1939---ContemporaryPeriod
111ElementsofRomanticism
1.Frontier:
vastexpanse,freedom,nogeographiclimitations2. Optimism:
greaterthaninEuropebecauseofthepresenceoffrontier.3. Experimentation:
inscience,ininstitutions.4. Minglingofraces:
immigrantsinlargenumbersarrivetotheUS
RomanticAttitude
1. Appealstoimagination;useofthe“willingsuspensionofdisbelief.”2. Stressonemotionratherthanreason;optimism,geniality.3. Subjectivity:
informandmeaning.
RomanticTechniques
1. Remotenessofsettingsintimeandspace.2. Improbableplots.3. Inadequateorunlikelycharacterization.4.Authorialsubjectivity.5. Socially“harmfulmorality”,aworldof“lies”6. Organicprincipleinwriting:
formrisesoutofcontent,non-formal.7. Experimentationinnewforms:
pickingupandusingobsoletepatterns.
8. Cultivationoftheindividualized,subjectiveformofwriting.
1.CharacteristicsofRomanticism:
特点
Romanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.(subjectivity)
Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.
Theyemphasizedindividualism,placingtheindividualagainstthegroup,againstauthority.
Theaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself,andwantedtobefreetodevelopandexpresshisowninnerthoughts.
Typicalliteraryformsofromanticismincludeballad,lyric,sentimentalcomedy,problemnovel,historicalnovel,gothicromance,metricalromance,sonnet.
DistinctivefeaturesofAmericanRomanticism
theendofthe18th\centurythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.
stronglyinfluencedbyEuropeanculture
Americanromanticstendedtomoralize
Maincontents:
theexoticlandscape,thefrontierlife,thewestwardexpansion,themythofaNewGardenEdeninAmerica(thenativematerials)NewEnglandPoems
Itproducedafeelingof“Newness”whichinspiredtheromanticimagination.
Representatives:
NewEnglandPoets:
WilliamCullenBryant;HenryWadsworthLongfellow;
代表作家:
JamesFenimaoreCooper,WashingtonIrving
WashingtonIrving(1783-1859
Masterpieces:
“TheSketchBookofGeoffrey。
Grayon。
“BracebridgeHall”。
“TalesofaTraveller。
“TheHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbus”
2.Comment评价:
Hisstories,essays,histories,andbiographieswinhimtheacclaimasthe1stprosestylistofAmericanromanticism.HewasthefirstAmericanauthortowininternationalrecognition,andwasextremelypopularinEurope.Inhis‘SketchBook’appearedtheFirstAmericanmodernAmericanshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.HeperfectedthebestclassicstylethatAmericanliteratureeverproduced.Humor,ironic
JamesFenimoreCooper
LiteraryAchievements:
ThelstsuccessfulAmericannovelist
特点Inhisfictionhedealtwiththethemesofwildernessversuscivilization,freedomversuslaw,orderversuschange,aristocratversusdemocrat,andnaturalrightsversuslegalrights.
Cooperdeveloped3kindsofnovels:
the1stkindisthenovelsabouttherevolutionarypast(“TheSpy”);the2ndistheseanovels(healsowasthe1stwritertowriteanovelonthesea,“ThePilot”);the3rdisnovelsabouttheAmericanfrontier(“ThePioneers”,“ThePathfinder”and“TheDeerslayer”)
作品“TheLeatherStockingTales”
•NattyBumppo
222Transcendentalisms
•111RalphWaldoEmerson:
Emerson'sphilosophycontradictory,avoidedbuildingalogicalintellectualsystembecausesucharationalsystemwouldhavenegatedhisRomanticbeliefinintuitionandflexibility.
•majorideas--theneedforanewnationalvision,theuseofpersonalexperience,thenotionofthecosmicOver-Soul,andthedoctrineofcompensation--aresuggestedinhisfirstpublication,Nature(1836).
•影响Agreatprose-poet,EmersoninfluencedalonglineofAmericanpoets,includingWaltWhitman,EmilyDickinson,EdwinArlingtonRobinson,WallaceStevens,HartCrane,andRobertFrost.
•HeisalsocreditedwithinfluencingthephilosophiesofJohnDewey,GeorgeSantayana,FriedrichNietzsche,andWilliamJames.
HenryDavidThoreau
1817-1862
HenryDavidThoreau(1817---1860)andWalden
---aspiritualbook
---adiaryofanaturelover,aclassicofAmericanprose(thisisabookofessaysputtogether,exploringsubjectsconcernedwithNature,withthemeaningoflife,andwithmorality)
---3aimsinwritingthebook:
tomakepeopleevaluatethewayhelivedandthought;torevealthehiddenspiritualpossibilitiesineveryone’slife;tocondemntheweaknessanderrorsofsociety
subjects:
Theessentialsoflife:
livingratherthangettingaliving。
Itisacondemnationofmakingsocialimprovementandcomfortallimportant.。
Itstressestheimportanceofthoughtovermaterialcircumstance.。
Ithasconfidenceintheindividual,andholdsthatindividualfreedombreaksdowntherulesandbarriersofsocietysothattheindividualcanexpresshimselfandactonhisownprinciples.。
Thereisthepossibilityforandimportanceofchangeinone’sspirituallifewhichisinharmonywithnature.
Style:
Propheticvoice.Directforcefulsentence.Conversationalintone.Humor。
Proverbialexpressions。
Brieftales,fablesandallegories。
Metaphors
HighRomantics:
NathanielHawthorne(1804----1864)HermanMelville(1819----1891)
EdgarAllanPoe(1809----1849)WaltWhitman(1819----1892)EmilyElizabethDickinson(1830--1886
Hawthorne:
Themes:
Moralallegories——astorywhereeverythingissymbol,usedcommonlytoinstructespeciallyinreligiousmatters,Thesinfulman,Hypocrisy(伪善),TheDarksideofhumannature,Religiousinnature作品:
Twocollectionsofshortstories:
Twice-toldTales+MossesfromanOldManse(古屋青苔):
Hismasterpiece,whichestablishedhimastheLeadingAmericannativenovelistofthe19thcentury。
TheScarletLetter。
TheHouseoftheSevenGables(带有七个尖角阁的房子)。
TheBlithedaleRomance(福谷传奇)。
TheMarbleFaun(玉石雕像)
观点:
influencedbyPuritanism。
Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife.
•sin,punishment.evilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.
•Hehasdisgustinscience.Onesourceofevilisoverweeningintellect.Hisintellectualcharactersarevillains,dreadfulandcold-blooded
•agreatinterestinhistoryandantiquity.hewasconvincedthatromancewasthebestformtodescribeAmerica
•风格:
Amanofliterarycraftsmanship,Tusesymbol:
symbolsserveasaweapontoattackreality.Revelationofcharacters’psychology:
goodatexploringthecomplexityofhumanpsychology.Theuseofsupernaturalmixedwiththeactual
•影响NathanielHawthorne(1804--1864)
•---HawthorneissignificantasaromanticwriterbecauseheusedtheNewEnglandregionalpastassubjectandsettingforhisstoriesandheshowedgreatconcernabouttheAmericanpast.
•---Heissignificantforhisthemes:
theconsequencesofpride,selfishness,andsecretguilty;theconflictbetweenlightheartedandsombertowardlife;
HERMANMELVILLE1819-1891
•TheresultwasanovelwithMIXEDSTYLES:
FICTIONALADVENTURE,STORY,HISTORICALDETAIL,SCIENTIFICDISCUSSION
作品THEWHALE:
WhalingdescribedasaROYALACTIVITY
“MobyDick”,itthegreatestAmericannovel.Thebooksuggeststhebeauty,terror,andmysteryofcreation.MobyDickisasymbolofnature.Naturedestroyingthehumanworld.thepoweroftheuniverseisbothofblessingandcurse.
EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849:
fatherofmodernshortstory,fatherofdetectivestory,fatherofpsychoanalyticcriticism
作品:
“TheRaven”《乌鸦》“AnnableLee”《安娜贝尔·李》“TheSleeper”《睡梦人》
“ADreamWithinaDream”《梦中梦,“Sonnet—ToScience”《十四行诗—致科学》ToHelen”《致海伦》“TheCityintheSea”《海中的城市》earlierentitledTheDoomedCity《衰败的城市》
Tales:
Horror:
TheBlackCat”《黑猫》TheCaskofAmontillado”(红色死亡假面舞会)
“Ligeia”《莉盖亚Ratiocination(推理):
TheMurdersintheRueMorgue”《莫格街谋杀案》TheGoldBug”《金甲虫ThePurloinedLetter”《被窃的信件》TheMysteryofMarieRoget”《玛丽罗杰谜案》
•Literarytheory:
ThePhilosophyofComposition《创作原理》ThePoeticPrinciple《诗歌原则》
主题:
1.death–predominanttheme,2horror3.negativethoughtsofscience
成就:
1.Hisaesthetics,hiscallfor"therhythmicalcreationofbeauty"haveinfluencedFrenchsymbolistsandthedevoteesof"artforart'ssake."
2.Heisthefatherofpsychoanalytic(心理分析的)criticism.
3.Heisthefatherofthedetectivestory.
histheories特点:
Onlyshortpoemscouldsustainthelevelofemotioninthereader。
purposeofpoetryisthecreationofbeauty。
Thetoneofitshighestmanifestationisoneofsadness.
Theimmediateobjectofpoetryispleasure,nottruth.Musicisessential(alliteration,assonance,repetition)。
Hestressedtheprincipleofconcentrationandthematictotality.-Truthratherthanbeautyisoftentheaimofthetale.Themeritofaworkofartshouldbejudgedbyitspsychologicaleffectuponthereader.
影响Poeisgenerallyregardedasapioneeringaesthetician,psychologicalinvestigator,literarytechnicianandhisinfluenceonAmericanliterarycirclescanneverbeoverrated.
WaltWhitman(1819---1892)
作品:
LeavesofGrass
特点:
Thesprawlinglinesofthepoemsarelong.Parallelism。
Envelopestructure:
thefirstlinebeginswiththesubject,andthenmoreandmorelineslistmodifierstilltheverbappearsinthelastlineofthestanza.Cataloguetechnique:
meanslisting.TypicalpoemsbyWhitmanmakelong,longlistsofimages,ofsights,sounds,smells,taste,andtouch.Noregularpattern.
Theverseunitisusuallyanindependentclause.
EmilyDickinson1830-1886
主题:
love,death,religion,immortality,pain,beauty
•特点:
Sheregardedthepoetasaseer.Shethoughtthepoetcouldgrasptruththroughherimaginationandthe
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