the strategies of english idioms translation英语专业本科学位论文.docx
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the strategies of english idioms translation英语专业本科学位论文.docx
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thestrategiesofenglishidiomstranslation英语专业本科学位论文
Introduction
IdiomisderivedfromtheGreek“Idioma”and“idiomatikos”,whichmeanspeculiarorpeculiarity.AlthoughlinguistsofdifferentagesdifferfromeachotheronthescopeofEnglishidiom,inabroadsense,idiomswithagreatnumberofvocabularies,mayinclude“setphrases,proverbs,sayings,epigrams,slangexpressions,colloquialisms,quotations,two-partallegoricalsayingsofwhichthefirstpartisalwaysdescriptive,whilethesecondpartoftencarriesthemessage”[1].
NotonlydothelinguistsofdifferentagesdisagreewitheachotheronthescopeofEnglishidiom,theyhavealsomadedifferentdefinitionsofit.ButwhilestudyingsomanydocumentsaboutEnglishidiomofdifferenttimes,youcanfindthattheolderthedocumentsare,themoreindistinctthedefinitionsare.Forexample,somelinguistsjustdefinedtheidiomas“anacceptedphrase,construction,orexpression,whichisdifferentfromtheliteral”[1].Englishidiomsarefixedexpressionsorphrases,oftencarryingspecialmeaningsthatcannotbeguessedfromtheirindividualparts.Theyoftenhaveadistantoriginandalongdevelopment,fullofrelativelystrongnationalcoloringorlocalfeatures,widelyusedamongthepeopleandestablishedbythepeoplethroughlongsocialpractice.Someoftheidiomsarevivid,humorousandexplicit,whileothersareimplicit,containingmorethanonemeaning,andcanbringvarietiesofassociations.Soyouhavetojudgethemeaningfromthewholetext.Idiomsarethelanguageordialectofpeople,ofaregionandaclass,etc.Andtheyarethespecialwayofpeopleexpressingtheirculture,region,ideasandlifepatterns,etc.Theyhavecharacteristicsofnationality,regionalism,andfixednessofstructures.Collocatedbymorethantwowordscustomarily,theyarefixedphrases,prohibitinganychangeofwordsorofeachindividualpartoftheidiomfromeachotheratwill.Forexample,“kickthebucket”ismadeupofthreemorphemes,andcannotbeaddedorreducedfreely.Itcannotbechangedtobe“kickthebigbucket”,or“kickthepail”.Besides,vividandaffluentdevicesofrhetoricarealsotheidioms’characteristics.RhetoricisacommondevicewidelyusedintheEnglishidioms.Idiomitselfistheapplicationandexpressionofrhetoric,whilewritersoftenviewtheidiomasafigureofspeechtoclarifyandenhancetheimages,soastoenrichthefascinationoftheirarticles.Thewordsofeachidiomarebriefbutvivid,exotericbutvital.Bytheformofmetaphor,simile,orotherkindsoffigureofspeeches,idiomsabstractlybutvividlyshowusapieceoflivelyandglorioushistoryasiftheantiquityweretalkingwithus.Forexample,“speechissilvern,silenceisgolden”appliesthedeviceofalliteration.Sodoes“asredasrose”,“firstcome,firstserved”.“Morehaste,lessspeed”usesantithesis.Allthesecharacteristicsareallduetothedevelopmentofhistoryandculture.Englishidioms,withrichconnotationsanddistinctiveculturalfeatures,aretherefinedlanguagehandeddownbyhistory,andthefertilefruitsofpeople’slongsocialpractice.AstheessenceofEnglishlanguage,EnglishidiomsreflecttheEnglish-speakingnations’longhistory,andpenetratedifferentnations’culturalandgeographicalfeatures,psychology,tradition,andwaysofthinking.Idiomsmostobviouslyandobjectivelyconveyonenationorcountry’sculturalpeculiarity.Thoughtheyareoftenbriefandterse,justinseveralwords,Englishidiomscanconveyclearlyandlucidlywhatyouwanttoexpress,whichissounforgettablethatitoftenleavesadeepimpressiononyourmind.
2ThestatusandstrategiesofEnglishidioms’translation
Thethesishereshowsthefunctionandthestatusofidioms’translation,analyzesthetwostrategies—literaltranslationandfreetranslationrespectivelyanddiscussesitsextensionanddevelopmentbasedonliteralandfreetranslation.
2.1ThestatusofEnglishidioms’translation
Mutualtranslationbetweenlanguagesisafinemeansofculturalcommunication.However,asamatteroffact,itismuchmorebeneficialforthedevelopmentandflourishingofthelanguageitselfthanfortheculturalcommunicationbetweendifferentcountriesallovertheworld.Thefunctionofidiomsasalinguisticexpressionwithprofoundculturalfoundationappearsparticularlyoutstanding.AsthecomplexityandvarietyofEnglishidioms,thetranslationofEnglishidiomsissurelyfeaturedinthewholetranslation.However,thetranslationofidiomshasbeenconsideredtobecomparativelydifficultbythetranslatorsallalong.That’sbecausethequalifiedtranslatorsarerequirednotonlytobeconversantwiththemeaningofidiomsinthetext,butalsotopossessabundantofidiomsintargetlanguageasforreference.Whatismore,thetranslationofidiomsplacesadirectinfluenceonthequalityofthewholetext.Undoubtedlyitisdifficultforthetranslatortokeepboththeoriginalflavorandmeaninginthetranslation.AsYanFusaid,thetranslationofEnglishidiomsshouldcomplywiththreebasicprinciples,that’s“faithfulness,expressiveness,andelegance”.Befaithfultothecontent,meaning,andspiritoftheoriginal;makeitsmoothandexpresstheoriginalwhollyandprecisely;reappearthestyleandthefigureofspeechoftheoriginal.Thetranslationofidiomsisnotonlytotranslatethelanguage,ortosay,simplyreproducetheoriginal,butalsotransmittheconnotationsofoneculturetothoseofanotherone.ManyEnglishtranslatorsregardtheidiomsasroadblocks,sincetheyareverycomplicatedbutinevitable.Agoodtranslatorshouldnotonlyfaithfullyrepresentthecontentoftheoriginalidioms,butalsokeeptheflavoroftheidioms,suchasthefigureofspeech,culturalcoloringandnationalfeatures.WhiledealingwiththeEnglishidioms,youshouldundoubtedlypayattentiontotheimpactofculture.Literateswhoemphasizeculture-exportoftenadvocatekeepingtheoriginalformoftheidiomssincetheythinktheculturalfeaturesofidiomslieintheirformsofexpression.Forexample,“talkofthedevil,heissuretoappear.”Onlyitcouldbetranslatedas“说人人到,说鬼鬼到”,butnot“说曹操,曹操到”complyingwiththeChineseculture.Becausetheyview“曹操”asawordflashingbrightChinesefeature,whileEnglishhasnotsuchaword.Nowadays,manytranslationsofEnglishidiomsareonlythewords’equivalenttransformation,justdecodingidiom’ssurfacemeaningbutdeprivingoftheiroriginalculturalfeatures.Indeed,differentculturesrespectivelyenjoytheirownparticularhistoricalandgeographicalfeatures.Inpractice,itisofquitedifficultyforthetranslatorstoguaranteeaccordingwithbothoftheoriginalregulationsoffigureofspeech,andstandardsofthetargetlanguagecompletely.Thusyoumustbecautiouswhiletranslatingandkeeptheseinmind:
first,setbaseontheaccuracyoftheidioms’meaningandfigureofspeech;second,takingintoaccountthereadership’sabilityofcomprehension;third,payattentiontothedifferencebetweentheoriginalandthetargetcultures.Inaddition,imaginationorcreationisalsonecessaryforthetranslatorstopossess.Thenyoumustbeawareofnotoverusingitregardlessofidioms’originalmeaning.
2.2ThestrategiesofEnglishidioms’translation
Tobespecific,therearetwobasicstrategiesintheidioms’translationtraditionally:
oneisliteraltranslation,theotherisfreetranslation.Theformerreferstothetranslationinwhichboththecontentandtheformareequivalenttotheoriginalwhilethelattermeanskeepingthecontentbutnottheformandtransmittingflexibly.ThecentralargumentonwhethertotranslateliterallyorfreelyhasbeengoingonsinceatleastthefirstcenturyBC.
Literaltranslationisafullrepresentationoftheoriginal.Especiallywhentheoriginalcoincideswiththetargetidiomintermsofwording,phrasing,andcontent,itisappropriatetouseliteraltranslation.Tokeeptheidioms’originalstylesandforeignculturalfeatures,sometranslatorswhoemphasizeontheidioms’divergencebetweennationsorregionsadvocatethiskindofstrategy.Letuslookatsomeexamples:
Oneis“Sherefusedseveraloffersofmarriage,andthen,attheageofforty,foundherselfleftontheshelf.”Here“ontheshelf”isliterallytranslatedas“束之高阁”.Inthisway,thetranslationexpressesthecontentofthesentencefaithfullyandsmoothly,atthesametimeretainstheoriginalfigureofspeech.Ifitistranslatedfreelyas“没有结婚希望了”,thoughcorrectly,thetranslationlosestheoriginalformandfigureofspeech,andisnotvividastheformer.Theotheris“Hewhofollowstwoharesissuretocatchneither(追逐两只兔子,两头都落空)”.Thisliteraltranslationrepresentstheoriginalvividimageandfigureofspeech,meanwhileconveysthemeaningofsentence.Ifitistranslatedas“同时干两件事,全都干不好”,thoughclearlyandbrief,thetranslationisnolongervividandcharming,sinceitlosestheoriginalfigureofspeech.Moreover,thereare“tostriketheironwhileitishot(趁热打铁)”,“fishintroubledwater(浑水摸鱼)”,“aboltfromtheblue(晴天霹雳)”,“misfortunesnevercomesingle(福不双至,祸不单行)”,“tohaveawell-oiledtongue(油腔滑调)”,“(there’s)norosewithoutathorn(没有不带刺的玫瑰)”andsoon.Theliteraltranslationcouldretainthespirit,nationalcoloringandfigureofspeechoftheoriginalidioms.Whentranslatedvividlyandperfectly,itiseasierforthetranslatorstoaccepttheforeigntraditionandculture.Bywayoftheliteraltranslation,someEnglishidiomshavebeencompiledinChinesedictionaryandbecomeanimportantcomponentofChineselanguage.Forexample,“armedtotheteeth(武装到牙齿)”,“ivorytower(象牙塔)”,“allroadsleadtoRome(条条道路通罗马)”,etc.However,theapplicatio
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