语法专题复习.docx
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语法专题复习.docx
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语法专题复习
语法专题复习:
名词和冠词
名词用法
1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题
名词的数:
单数、复数和不可数;
名词的格:
通格和属格 ('s )
名词的限定:
特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法,即名词前加冠词或其它限定词, 例如:
some, many ,this ,my 等
2、名词的数和单位词
1)复型名词 + 复数动词
The trousers are too big for me. Please show me the smaller pair.
备用词:
shoes,stockings,glasses,socks
NOTICE:
A pair of glasses costs quite a lot.
2)复型名词 + 单数动词
A. The news on TV is seldom satisfying.
备用词:
mathematics,physics,politics,means,works,the United States
B. Twenty miles is a long way to walk.
备用词:
five pounds,two feet,six weeks
3) 集合名词 + 复数名词
The police have surrounded the building. Cattle are selling for record price (创
记录)。
备用词:
the enemy,(the) people
NOTICE:
表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用,但若把这个集合体看
作整体就用作单数:
My family are wonderful. They do all they can for me.
The family which now consists of four members at most is smaller than it used
to be.
4)不可数名词作可数的情况
A. 部分不可数名词可以有下列情况
a (an) + adj. + n. It looks like rain.
a thirsty for knowledge(求知欲)
a heavy rain
[课程内容]
单元课题:
语法复习:
名词和冠词高三英语
He has a good knowledge of politics.
备用词:
snow,breakfast,wine,oil,education
B.口语特例(特定场合)
A (One) beer,please. Two teas and four coffees,please.
5)既是可数又是不可数的名词 I broke a glass this morning. (杯子)
Glass is made from sand. (玻璃)
备用词:
paper / a paper, light(光) / a light(灯);ice(冰) / an ice (冰激
凌), chicken(鸡肉) / a chicken (雏鸡)
6) 单位词
A.个数 a piece of information (furniture, advice…)
B. 以形状表示个数 a grain of rice, a flight of stairs
C. 容量 a box of matches, a cup of tea
D. 计量 a metre of cloth,a ton of coal E.其它 a (new) set of tools (wires,
teeth, rules)
3、名词的格:
1)'s 的用法
A . 与时间有关的名词
a night's sleep
ten minutes' walk
NOTICE:
a two-hour walk = two hours' walk
B. 和 else 连用
﹎﹎﹎book can this be?
A. Who else's B. Whose else C. Who's else D. Whose
else‘s(A)
C. 's 修饰的词,如果前面提到,可省略 This is Jack’s book, not Tom’s. This book
is Jack’s not Tom’s.
D. 表示店、铺、家、诊所等, ’s 后面的名词省略at the Green’s (house),at the
doctor’s (office)
2) OF 结构表示所有关系
A. 无生命的名词用 of the price of the success
B. 有生命的名词被一个短语或从句修饰而表示所有关系时用 of Can’t you look at the
book of the boy behind you?
3)双重所有格‘s 与 of 结构并用,此时 of 结构所修饰的名词前通常有 a,an,two,
some,that 等 Miss Smith is a friend of Mary’s mother’s.
that brother of the girl
4)名词 + 名词 (名词用作形容词)
A. 单数名词+名词
a shoe (flower) shop ticket office
NOTICE:
the tailor’s (shop)
B. 复数名词+名词
sports meet
clothes shop
women pilots
冠词
1、冠词应注意的问题
习惯用法
同一名词前不同名词的比较
2、不定冠词
1) 成对的名词(此类名词间常有一种自然的联系)
a knife and fork
2) a most + n. “非常”This is a most beautiful country.
3) a (an) 与 one 之区别
A. 数字对比用
one It was one coffee we ordered ,not two.
B. 对比
A knife is no good.(刀子不行)
One knife is no good.(一把刀子不行)
C. 通用
a (one) million,a (one) quarter
4) a (an) 与 every 之比较:
three times a year;
twice every three years
5) 惯用法
A. What a surprise !
What a lovely dress !
quite a nice day
rather a good idea such a funny expression
B. too cold a day
How lovely a dress!
so strange a person
as good a map as
3、定冠词
1)普通名词组成的专有名词
the Great Wall the Summer Palace
2)江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾
the Pacific (Ocean)
3)the + adj. (-ing; -ed)
A. 指一类人,谓语用复数 The old are being taken good care of.
B. 指一类事,谓语用单数 The beautiful is not always the same as the good.
4)用在radio,piano,telephone,方位、次序、自然现象(rain)、身体部位
前
He hates the telephone.
5)被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前
The boy who you are looking for (in blue, there, standing there,dressed in
blue ) is a student.
4、零冠词
街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等
National Day Nanjing Road
2)职位充当补语、同位语时 He was elected headmaster of the school.
3)成对出现的成语 arm in arm (手挽手),hand in hand (手牵手),face to
face,side by side(肩并肩),day and night,young and old,from door to
door, from morning till night,from beginning to end
5、冠词比较
1)go to school (hospital,church);in prison (强调用途)
go to the school, visit the prison (强调建筑物本身)
2) I'll go there next Friday. (以说话时间为准)
In 1989,he was 28,and the next year,he was 29. (以所给时间为准)
3) by air (plane, boat…)
in a spaceship (on the bike,on the bus)
4) Open the window to let in fresh air. (泛指)
The air in the room is not fresh. (特指)
5) be at table
be at the table
6) a cup of coffee
Two coffees,please.
I like white coffee. This is a very good coffee.
The coffee on the table is Tom’s.
7)Mr. White is waiting to see you.
A Mr. White is waiting to see you.
The Mr. White you are looking for is waiting to see you.
8)A horse is a useful animal.
The horse is a useful animal.
Horses are useful animals.
9)the best season of the year
the best time of year
名词
1. I found her sitting in the corner, reading _____ newspaper, with _____ in her eyes.
A. a, tear B. a piece of, tears
C. a, tears D. a piece of, tear
【陷阱】误选 D,许多学生错误地认为,既然 news(消息)和 paper(纸)均为不可数名词,
那么 newspaper(报纸)也应是不可数的;同时认为“眼泪”即“泪水”,“水”不可数,“泪水”和
“眼泪”也应该不可数。
【分析】最佳答案为 C。
newspaper和 tear 均为可数名词,它们不仅可以连用不定冠
词、可以用复数,而且还可以连用数词。
Her eyes filled with tears. 她热泪盈眶。
She dried her tears with a handkerchief. 她用手帕擦干了眼泪。
The newspapers were full of lies. 报纸上一片谎言。
A newspaper is a publication. 报纸是一种出版物。
顺便说一句,若不是将 newspaper 当作是供阅读或传递信息的一种东西,而只是把它当
成一种“纸”来看待,也可用作不可数名词,如:
Wrap it in (a sheet of) newspaper. 把它用张报纸包起来。
2. Her father works as a ______ in a hotel and her mother a ______ in a private
company.
A. cooker, typewriter B. cook, typist
C. cooker, typist D. cook, typewriter
【陷阱】误选 A,许多同学想当然地认为:
cook 用作动词,表示“煮饭”,所以 cooker 应
是其相应的名词,表示“煮饭的人”,即“厨师”;type 用作动词,表示“打字”,所以
typewriter 应表示“打字员”。
【分析】而事实是:
cook=厨师,cooker=炊具;typist=打字员,typewriter=打字机。
即此题正确答案为B。
3. “Why couldn’t they meet us at five o’clock?
” “Because they were delayed by
________.”
A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics
C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics
【陷阱】B、C、D 三项均容易误选。
【分析】对于此题,首先要明确 traffic 为不可数名词,没有复数形式,故排除B 和D。
另
外,汉语习惯说“交通拥挤”,而英语习惯上却不能用crowded 来修饰 traffic,要表示汉
语的“交通拥挤”,英语通常说 heavy traffic,即选 A。
如下面一题也是选A:
She is not a competent driver and can’t cope with driving in _______.
A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics
C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics
4. In fact, _______ one cause that leads to the problem.
A. cattle is B. cattle are
C. cattles are D. the cattles are
【陷阱】此题容易误选 A,想当然地认为 cattle 是单数,并且空格有表单数的 one,自然
谓语动词用is。
【陷阱】其实,正确答案为B。
cattle(牲畜,牛)为集合名词,尽管它不带复数词尾-s,却
永远表示复数意义,若用作主语,谓语要用复数。
又如:
For this many cattle were killed. 为此宰了不少牲畜。
The prisoners were herded like cattle. 囚犯像牲口一样被赶到一起。
类似地,police(警察),people(人),police(警察),poultry(家禽)等也具有同样用法,即
只有单数形式,但却表示复数意义;用作主语时谓语通常也用复数;不与 a(n) 连用,但可
与 the 连用(表示总括意义和特指)。
如:
The poultry have been fed. 家禽已经喂过饲料了。
In Britain police do not usually carry guns. 在英国警察通常不带枪。
It annoys me when people forget to say “thank you”. 遇到有人忘记道谢的时候,我就
不痛快。
5. By all _______, you must try every _______ to help him.
A. mean, mean B. means, means
C. means, mean D. mean, means
【陷阱】误选 C,认为第一空前有 all 修饰,故用 means,而第二空前有every 修饰,故
用 mean。
【分析】其实,means 是一个单复数同形的名词,并且永远带有尾-s。
换句话说,在表示
“方式”、“方法”时,不存在 mean 这一形式(mean 主要用作动词,表示“意思是”;也可用
作名词,表示“中间”、“中庸”)。
此题正确答案为 C,by all means 为习语,意为“一定”、
“尽一切办法”。
顺便说一句,means 用作主语时,其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。
比较:
All possible means have been tried. 所有可能的办法都已经试过了。
Every possible means has been tried. 每种可能的办法都已经试过了。
若句意不能明确地表明主语的单复数,其谓语则用单数或复数均可。
如:
Is [Are] there any other means of getting more money?
还有其他什么办法可弄到更
多钱吗?
6. Jim is ______ person, and everyone is willing to be ______ with him.
A. so kind a, friends B. so a kind, friends
C. so kind a, friend D. so a kind, friend
【陷阱】误选 C 或 D。
认为 friend 要用单数。
【分析】其实此题最佳答案为A。
so kind a person相当于 such a kind person,注意两
者中冠词的位置不同。
be friends with 是习语,意为“与……友好”、“跟……做朋友”,与之
同义的类似地还有 make friends with。
值得说明的是,这类短语中的名词总是用复数,
即使句子主语为单数也是如此。
如:
He is friends with me. 他与我是朋友。
He has made friends with everyone here. 他与这儿的每个人交上了朋友。
7. We already have ______ pencils, but we need two ______ pens.
A. dozen of, dozen B. dozens of, dozens
C. dozens of, dozen D. dozens of, dozen of
【陷阱】误选 B。
【分析】此题最佳答案为 C。
关于 dozen的复数是否加词尾-s 的问题比较复杂,大致原则
是:
(1) 当它与具体数字连用时,既不加复数词尾-s,也不后接介词of。
尽管有的词书也有
two dozen of 这样的用例,但这已属过时用法,在考试中应避免,如 1992 年全国高考有
一道单项选择题就认为 two dozen of 为错误选项:
Shortly after the accident, _____ police were sent to the spot to keep order.
A. dozens of B. dozens C. dozen of D. dozen [D]
(2) 当它不与具体数字连用,而是表示不确定的泛指数时,则不仅要加复数词尾-s,而且要
后接介词 of,此时可将 dozens of(许多,几十)视为习语。
如:
I’ve been there dozens of times. 我去过那儿几十次。
She’s got dozens of boy-friends. 她的男朋友很多。
下面一例中的 dozens 加了复数词尾-s 也属为似情况:
Pack them in dozens. 按打装袋吧。
(3) 当与 a few, several 等数目不很具体的词连用时,加不加复数词尾-s 均可,但需注
意:
不加复数词尾-s 时,其后的介词 of 可以省略;加词尾-s 时,其后介词 of不能省略。
如:
several dozen (of) pencils=several dozens of pencils 几打铅笔
注:
英语较少使用 many dozen 的说法,要表示类似意思可用 dozens of。
(4) 当它后面的名词受 the, these, those 等特指限定词修饰时,或其后的接的是 us, them
这样的人称代词时,则此时必须用介词 of。
如:
two dozen of these eggs 两打这种鸡蛋
three dozen of them 它们中的 3 打
注:
score, hundred, thousand, million 等也具有以上类似用法。
8. She raised her finger to her lips as _____ for silence.
A. an idea B. a mark
C. a sign D. a word
【陷阱】容易误选B。
【分析】应选 C,sign 与 mark 的区别是:
sign 的意思是“迹象”、“征
兆”gesture or movement made with the hand, head, etc, used to give information,
a command, etc(用手或头等做出示意动作以传递信息或命令等),mark 的意思是
written or printed symbol or figure, line etc made as signor an indication of sth(书
写与印刷的符号或图、线等记号)。
根据此二词的语义区别以及常识可知答案为 C。
类似
地,下面两题的答案也是 C:
(1) Those black clouds are a sure _____ that it’s going to rain.
A. thing B. mark
C. sign D. one
(2) Just as a famous Chinese saying goes, a timely heavy snow is a ______ of good
harvest next year.
A. mark B. track
C. sign D. appearance
但是,下面一题却不能选 sign,也不能选 mark,而选 symbol(象征):
The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _____ of courage and
power.
A. example B. sign
C. mark D. symbol
顺便说一句,在近几年的高考中像这类结合词义区别以及语境和生活常识进行考查的试题
经常出现,同学们需引起注意。
9. “May I take your
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