Quoting-paraphrasing--and-summarizingWord格式文档下载.doc
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Quoting-paraphrasing--and-summarizingWord格式文档下载.doc
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Whyusequotations,paraphrases,andsummaries?
Quotations,paraphrases,andsummariesservemanypurposes.Youmightusethemto...
·
Providesupportforclaimsoraddcredibilitytoyourwriting
Refertoworkthatleadsuptotheworkyouarenowdoing
Giveexamplesofseveralpointsofviewonasubject
Callattentiontoapositionthatyouwishtoagreeordisagreewith
Highlightaparticularlystrikingphrase,sentence,orpassagebyquotingtheoriginal
Distanceyourselffromtheoriginalbyquotingitinordertocuereadersthatthewordsarenotyourown
Expandthebreadthordepthofyourwriting
Writersfrequentlyintertwinesummaries,paraphrases,andquotations.Aspartofasummaryofanarticle,achapter,orabook,awritermightincludeparaphrasesofvariouskeypointsblendedwithquotationsofstrikingorsuggestivephrasesasinthefollowingexample:
InhisfamousandinfluentialworktheInterpretationofDreams,SigmundFreudarguesthatdreamsarethe"
royalroadtotheunconscious"
(page#),expressingincodedimagerythedreamer'
sunfulfilledwishesthroughaprocessknownasthe"
dream-work"
(page#).AccordingtoFreud,actualbutunacceptabledesiresarecensoredinternallyandsubjectedtocodingthroughlayersofcondensationanddisplacementbeforeemerginginakindofrebuspuzzleinthedreamitself(page#).
Howtousequotations,paraphrases,andsummaries
Practicesummarizingtheessaybelow,usingparaphrasesandquotationsasyougo.Itmightbehelpfultofollowthesesteps:
Readtheentiretext,notingthekeypointsandmainideas.
Summarizeinyourownwordswhatthesinglemainideaoftheessayis.
Paraphraseimportantsupportingpointsthatcomeupintheessay.
Consideranywords,phrases,orbriefpassagesthatyoubelieveshouldbequoteddirectly.
Thereareseveralwaystointegratequotationsintoyourtext.Often,ashortquotationworkswellwhenintegratedintoasentence.Longerquotationscanstandalone.Rememberthatquotingshouldbedoneonlysparingly;
besurethatyouhaveagoodreasontoincludeadirectquotationwhenyoudecidetodoso.
Thefollowingisasampleessayyoucanpracticequoting,paraphrasing,andsummarizing.Examplesofeachtaskareprovidedattheendoftheessayforfurtherreference.
HereisthecitationforSipher'
sessay:
Sipher,Roger.“SoThatNobodyHastoGotoSchoolIfTheyDon'
tWantTo.”TheNewYorkTimes.
19
December1977.Page31.Print.
SoThatNobodyHasToGoToSchoolIfTheyDon'
tWantTo
byRogerSipher
AdeclineinstandardizedtestscoresisbutthemostrecentindicatorthatAmericaneducationisintrouble.
Onereasonforthecrisisisthatpresentmandatory-attendancelawsforcemanytoattendschoolwhohavenowishtobethere.SuchchildrenhavelittledesiretolearnandaresoantagonistictoschoolthatneithertheynormorehighlymotivatedstudentsreceivethequalityeducationthatisthebirthrightofeveryAmerican.
Thesolutiontothisproblemissimple:
Abolishcompulsory-attendancelawsandallowonlythosewhoarecommittedtogettinganeducationtoattend.
Thiswillnotendpubliceducation.Contrarytoconventionalbelief,legislatorsenactedcompulsory-attendancelawstolegalizewhatalreadyexisted.WilliamLandesandLewisSolomon,economists,foundlittleevidencethatmandatory-attendancelawsincreasedthenumberofchildreninschool.Theyfound,too,thatschoolsystemshavenevereffectivelyenforcedsuchlaws,usuallybecauseoftheexpenseinvolved.
Thereisnocontradictionbetweentheassertionthatcompulsoryattendancehashadlittleeffectonthenumberofchildrenattendingschoolandtheargumentthatrepealwouldbeapositivesteptowardimprovingeducation.Mostparentswantahighschooleducationfortheirchildren.Unfortunately,compulsoryattendancehamperstheabilityofpublicschoolofficialstoenforcelegitimateeducationalanddisciplinarypoliciesandtherebymaketheeducationagoodone.
Privateschoolshavenosuchproblem.Theycanfailordismissstudents,knowingsuchstudentscanattendpublicschool.Withoutcompulsoryattendance,publicschoolswouldbefreertoouststudentswhoseacademicorpersonalbehaviorunderminestheeducationalmissionoftheinstitution.
Hasnotthenobleexperimentofaformaleducationforeveryonefailed?
Whilewepayhomagetothehomily,"
Youcanleadahorsetowaterbutyoucan'
tmakehimdrink,"
wehavepretendeditisnottrueineducation.
Askhighschoolteachersifrecalcitrantstudentslearnanythingofvalue.Askteachersifthesestudentsdoanyhomework.Quitethecontrary,thesestudentsknowtheywillbepassedfromgradetogradeuntiltheyareoldenoughtoquitoruntil,asismorelikely,theyreceiveahighschooldiploma.Atthepointwhenstudentscouldlegallyquit,mostchoosetoremainsincetheyknowtheyarelikelytobeallowedtograduatewhethertheydoacceptableworkornot.
Abolitionofarchaicattendancelawswouldproduceenormousdividends.
First,itwouldalerteveryonethatschoolisaseriousplacewhereonegoestolearn.Schoolsareneitherday-carecentersnorindoorstreetcorners.Youngpeoplewhoresistlearningshouldstayaway;
indeed,anendtocompulsoryschoolingwouldrequirethemtostayaway.
Second,studentsopposedtolearningwouldnotbeabletopollutetheeducationalatmosphereforthosewhowanttolearn.Teacherscouldstoppolicingrecalcitrantstudentsandstarteducating.
Third,gradeswouldshowwhattheyaresupposedto:
howwellastudentislearning.Parentscouldagainreadreportcardsandknowiftheirchildrenweremakingprogress.
Fourth,publicesteemforschoolswouldincrease.PeoplewouldstopregardingthemaswaystationsforadolescentsandstartthinkingofthemasinstitutionsforeducatingAmerica'
syouth.
Fifth,elementaryschoolswouldchangebecausestudentswouldfindoutearlytheyhadbetterlearnsomethingorriskflunkingoutlater.Elementaryteacherswouldnolongerhavetopasstheirfailuresontojuniorhighandhighschool.
Sixth,thecostofenforcingcompulsoryeducationwouldbeeliminated.Despiteenforcementefforts,nearly15percentoftheschool-agechildreninourlargestcitiesarealmostpermanentlyabsentfromschool.
Communitiescouldusethesesavingstosupportinstitutionstodealwithyoungpeoplenotinschool.If,inthelongrun,theseinstitutionsprovemorecostly,atleastwewouldnotconfusetheirmissionwiththatofschools.
Schoolsshouldbeforeducation.Atpresent,theyareonlytangentiallyso.Theyhaveattemptedtoserveanall-encompassingsocialfunction,tryingtobeallthingstoallpeople.Intheprocesstheyhavefailedmiserablyatwhattheywereoriginallyformedtoaccomplish.
ExampleSummary,Paraphrase,andQuotationfromtheEssay:
Examplesummary:
RogerSiphermakeshiscaseforgettingridofcompulsory-attendancelawsinprimaryandsecondaryschoolswithsixarguments.Thesefallintothreegroups—firstthateducationisforthosewhowanttolearnandbyincludingthosethatdon'
twanttolearn,everyonesuffers.Second,thatgradeswouldbereflectiveofeffortandelementaryschoolteacherswouldn'
tfeelcompelledtopassfailingstudents.Third,thatschoolswouldbothsavemoneyandsavefacewiththeeliminationofcompulsory-attendancelaws.
Exampleparaphraseoftheessay'
sconclusion:
RogerSipherconcludeshisessaybyinsistingthatschoolshavefailedtofulfilltheirprimarydutyofeducationbecausetheytrytofillmultiplesocialfunctions(para.17).
Examplequotation:
AccordingtoRogerSipher,asolutiontotheperceivedcrisisofAmericaneducationisto"
Abolishcompulsory-attendancelawsandallowonlythosewhoarecommittedtogettinganeducationtoattend"
(para.3).
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- 关 键 词:
- Quoting paraphrasing and summarizing