亨格瑞管理会计英文第15版练习答案03文档格式.doc
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亨格瑞管理会计英文第15版练习答案03文档格式.doc
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26,30,31,
32
43,44,48,55
59,61,62
LO2:
Explainmanagementinfluencesoncostbehavior.
27,37
43
56,60
LO3:
Measureandmathematicallyexpresscostfunctionsandusethemtopredictcosts.
28,33,34,35,38
39,40,41
42
43,45,50
52,54,55
60,62
LO4:
Describetheimportanceofactivityanalysisformeasuringcostfunctions.
A2,B2
46,49
57,59
LO5:
Measurecostbehaviorusingtheengineeringanalysis,accountanalysis,high-low,visual-fit,andleast-squaresregressionmethods.
A3,B3
29,33,34,38,39
40,41,42
47,50,51
52,53,55
58,62
MeasurementofCostBehavior
3-A1 (20-25min.)Someoftheseanswersarecontroversial,andreasonablecasescanbebuiltforalternativeclassifications.Classdiscussionoftheseanswersshouldleadtoworthwhiledisagreementsaboutanticipatedcostbehaviorwithregardtoalternativecostdrivers.
1. (b)Discretionaryfixedcost.
2. (e)Stepcost.
3. (a)Purelyvariablecostwithrespecttorevenue.
4. (a)Purelyvariablecostwithrespecttomilesflown.
5. (d)Mixedcostwithrespecttomilesdriven.
6. (c)Committedfixedcost.
7. (b)Discretionaryfixedcost.
8. (c)Committedfixedcost.
9. (a)Purelyvariablecostwithrespecttocasesof7-Up.
10. (b)Discretionaryfixedcost.
11. (b)Discretionaryfixedcost.
3-A2 (25-30min.)
1. Supportcostsbasedon60%ofthecostofmaterials:
SignA SignB
Directmaterialscost $400 $200
Supportcost(60%ofmaterialscost) $240 $120
Supportcostsbasedon$50perpowertooloperation:
Powertooloperations 3 6
Supportcost $150 $300
2. Iftheactivityanalysisisreliable,byusingthecurrentmethod,EvergreenSignsispredictingtoomuchcostforsignsthatusefewpowertooloperationsandispredictingtoolittlecostforsignsthatusemanypowertooloperations.Asaresultthecompanycouldbelosingjobsthatrequirefewpowertooloperationsbecauseitsbidsaretoohigh--itcouldaffordtobidlessonthesejobs.Conversely,thecompanycouldbegettingtoomanyjobsthatrequiremanypowertooloperations,becauseitsbidsaretoolow--givenwhatthe"
true"
costswillbe,thecompanycannotaffordthesejobsatthoseprices.Eitherway,thesignbusinesscouldbemoreprofitableiftheownerbetterunderstoodandusedactivityanalysis.EvergreenSignswouldbeadvisedtoadopttheactivity-analysisrecommendation,butalsotocloselymonitorcoststoseeiftheactivity-analysispredictionsofsupportcostsareaccurate.
3-A3 (25-30min.)
1. High-LowMethod:
SupportCost MachineHours
Highmonth=September $13,500 1,750
Lowmonth=May 9,000 850
Difference $4,500 900
Variablecostpermachinehour=Changeincost÷
Changeincostdriver
=$4,500÷
900=$5.00
Fixedsupportcostpermonth=Totalsupportcost-Variablesupportcost
Atthehighpoint:
=$13,500-$5.00×
1,750
=$13,500-$8,750
=$4,750
oratthelowpoint:
=$9,000-$5.00×
850
=$9,000-$4,250
2. Thehigh-lowmethodusesthehighandlowactivitylevelstodeterminethecostfunction.SincethenewOctoberdataformachinehoursdoesnotchangeeitherthehighorlowleveltherewouldbenochangeintheanalysis.
3. Theregressionanalysisresultsdifferfromtheresultsofthehigh-lowmethod.Asaresult,estimatesoftotalsupportcostmaydifferconsiderablydependingontheexpectedmachinehourusage.Forexample,considerthefollowingsupportcostestimatesatthreelevelsofmachinehourusage(allwithintherelevantrange):
MachineHourUsage
950Hours 1,200Hours 1,450Hours
High-Low:
Fixed $4,750 $4,750 $4,750
Variable:
$5.00×
950 4,750
$5.00×
1,200 6,000
$5.00×
1,450 7,250
Total $9,500 $10,750 $12,000
Regression:
Fixed $3,355 $3,355 $3,355
$6.10×
950 5,795
$6.10×
1,200 7,320
1,450 8,845
Total $9,150 $10,675 $12,200
Becausethehigh-lowmethodhasalowervariablecostestimate,theregression-basedpredictionsexceedthehigh-low-basedpredictionsathigherlevelsofmachineusage,whilethehigh-lowestimatesaregreateratlowerlevelsofusage.Thehigh-lowmethodusedonlytwodatapoints,sotheresultsmaynotbereliable.Fernandezwouldbeadvisedtousetheregressionresults,whicharebasedonallrelevantdata.
3-B1 (20-25min.)
Thefollowingclassificationsareopentodebate.Withappropriateassumptions,otheranswerscouldbeequallysupportable.Forexample,in#2,thehealthinsurancewouldbeacommittedfixedcostifthenumberofemployeeswillnotchange.Thisproblemprovidesanopportunitytodiscussvariousaspectsofcostbehavior.Studentsshouldmakeanassumptionregardingthetimeperiodinvolved.Forexample,ifthetimeperiodisshort,sayonemonth,morecoststendtobefixed.Overlongerperiods,morecostsarevariable.Theyalsomustassumesomethingaboutthenatureofthecost.Forexample,consider#4.Repairsandmaintenanceareoftenthoughtofasasinglecost.However,repairsaremorelikelytovarywiththeamountofusage,makingthemvariable,whilemaintenanceisoftenonafixedscheduleregardlessofactivity,makingthemfixed.
Anotherimportantpointtomakeisthecost/benefitcriterionappliedtodetermining“true”costbehavior.Amanagermayacceptacostdriverthatisplausiblebutmayhavelessreliabilitythananalternativeduetothecostassociatedwithmaintainingdataforthemorereliablecostdriver.
Cost CostBehavior LikelyCostDriver(s)
1.X-rayoperatingcost Mixed Numberof x-rays
2.Insurance Step(orvariable) Numberofemployees
3.Cancerresearch Discretionaryfixed
4.Repairs Variable Numberofpatients
5.Trainingcost Discretionaryfixed
6.Depreciation Committedfixed
7.Consulting Discretionaryfixed
8.Nursingsupervisors Step Numberofnurses, patient-days
3-B2 (25-30min.) BoardZ15 BoardQ52
Mark-upmethod:
Materialcost $40 $60
Supportcosts(100%) $40 $60
Activityanalysismethod:
Manualoperations 15 7
Supportcosts(@$4) $60 $28
Thesupportcostsaredifferentbecausedifferentcostbehaviorisassumedbythetwomethods.Iftheactivityanalysesarereliable,thenboardswithfewmanualoperationsareovercostedwiththemarkupmethod,andboardswithmanymanualoperationsareundercostedwiththemarkupmethod.
3-B3 (25-30min.)
Variablecostpermachinehour =ChangeinRepairCost÷
ChangeinMachineHours
=(P260,000,000–P200,000,000)÷
(12,000–8,000)
=P15,000permachinehour
Fixedcostpermonth =totalcost-variablecost
=P260,000,000-P15,000×
12,000
=P260,000,000-P180,000,000
=P80,000,000permonth
or =P200,000,000-P15,000×
8,000
=P200,000,000-P120,000,000
3-1 Acostdriverisanyoutputmeasurethatisbelievedtocausecoststofluctuateinapredictablemanner.Forexample,directlaborcostsareprobablydrivenbydirectlaborhours;
materialscostsareprobablydrivenbylevelsofproductoutput;
andsupportcostsmaybedrivenbyavarietyofdrivers,suchasoutputlevels,productcomplexity,numberofdifferentproductsand/orparts,andsoon.
3-2 Linearcostbehaviorassumesthatcostsbehaveasastraightline.Thislineisanchoredbyanintercept,orfixedcostestimate,andtotalcostsincreaseproportionatelyascostdriveractivityincreases.Theslopeofthelineistheestimateofvariablecostperunitofcostdriveractivity.
3-3 Whethertocategorizeastepcosteitherasafixedcostorasavariablecostdependsonthe"
size"
ofthesteps(heightandwidth)andonthedesiredaccuracyofthedescriptionofstepcostbehavior.Ifthestepsarewide,coveringawiderangeofcostdriveractivity,thenwithineachrangethecostmayberegardedasfixed.Ifthestepsarenarrowandnottoohigh,withsmallchangesincost,thenthecostmayberegardedasvariableoverawiderangeofactivitylevel,withlittleerror.Ifthestepsarenarrowandhigh,coveringbigchangesincost,thenthecostprobablyshouldnotberegardedasvariable,sincesmallchangesinactivitylevelcanresultinlargechangesincost.
3-4 Mixedcostsarecoststhatcontainbothfixedandvariableelements.Amixedcosthasafixedportionthatisusuallyacostpertimeperiod.Thisistheminimummixedcostperperiod.Amixedcostalsohasavariableportionthatisacostperunitofcostdriveractivity.Thevariableportionofamixedcostincreasesproportionatelywithincreasesinthecostdriver.
3-5 Inordertoachievethegoalssetfortheorganization,managementmakescriticalchoices--choicesthatguidethefutureactivitiesoftheorganization.Thesechoicesincludedecisionsaboutlocations,products,services,organizationstructure,andsoon.Choicesaboutproductorserviceattributes(mix,quality,features,performance,etc.),capacity(committedanddiscretionaryfixedcosts),technology(capital/laborconsiderations,alternativetechnologies),andincentives(standard-basedperformanceevaluation)cangreatlyaffectcostbehavior.
3-6 Somefixedcostsarecalledcapacitycostsbecausethelevelsofthesefixedcostsaredeterminedbymanagement'
sstrategicdecisionsabouttheorganization'
sexpectedlevelsofactivities,orcapacity.
3-7 Committedfixedcostsarecoststhatareoftendrivenbytheplannedscaleofoperations.Thesecoststypic
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