考研英语真题Word文件下载.docx
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考研英语真题Word文件下载.docx
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Noclearcutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:
exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Neverthelss,theword`amateur'
doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues/Thegrowthofspecialisationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.
AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;
but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespradintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.
AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecialisationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.
51.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearly
seeninsciencessuchas______.
[A]sociologyandchemistry
[B]physicsandpsychology
[C]sociologyandpsychology
[D]physicsandchemistry
52.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat______.
[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecialisationandprofessionalisation
[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience
[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity
[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones
53.Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate______.
[A]theprocessofspecialisationandprofessionalisation
[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy
[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications
[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs
54.Thedirectreasonforspecialisationis______.
[A]thedevelopmentincommunication
[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation
[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge
[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocieties
Passage2
Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytothesocalleddigitaldivide—thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic.
Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess—afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe'
veeverhad.
Ofcourse,theueoftheInternetisn'
ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.
Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanticolonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialsinfrastructure,itdidn'
thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica'
sSecondWaveinfrastructure—includingroads,barbors,highways,protsandsoon—werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain'
sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?
TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou'
regoingtobe.Thatdoesn'
tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeansrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.
55.Digitaldivideissomething______.
[A]gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet
[B]therichcountriesareresponsiblefor
[C]theworldmustguardagainst
[D]consideredpositivetoday
56.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit______.
[A]offerseconomicpotentials
[B]canbringforeignfunds
[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty
[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld
57.ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof.[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseas
[B]preventingforeigncapital'
scontrol
[C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure
[D]acceptingforeigninvestment
58.Itseemsthatnowacountry'
seconomydependsmuchon______.
[A]howwelldevelopeditiselectronically
[B]whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants
[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica'
sindustrialpattern
[D]howmuchcontrolithasoverforeigncorporations
Passage3
WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?
TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongselfanalysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.
Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylowlevelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofheadscratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.
Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjounalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday'
sevents.Inotherwords,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandareadymadenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusingnews.
Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaders,whichhelpsexplainwhythe“standardtemplates"
ofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddlesizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions.
RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,andthey'
relesslikelytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsinacoummunity.
Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn'
trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialsskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders.Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifitdid,itwould
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