Five Famous Universities文档格式.docx
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Five Famous Universities文档格式.docx
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Itmeanstoencourageandensureallfacultiesandstudentscanengagedinteachingandrelatedresearchfreelyandswimmingly.
History
In1876,formerCaliforniaGovernorLelandStanfordpurchased650acresofRanchoSanFrancisquitoforacountryhomeandbeganthedevelopmentofhisfamousPaloAltoStockFarm.Helaterboughtadjoiningpropertiestotalingmorethan8,000acres.ThelittletownthatwasbeginningtoemergenearthelandtookthenamePaloAlto(talltree)afteragiantCaliforniaredwoodonthebankofSanFrancisquitoCreek.Thetreeitselfisstillthereandwouldlaterbecometheuniversity'
ssymbolandcenterpieceofitsofficialseal.
LelandStanford,whogrewupandstudiedlawinNewYork,movedWestafterthegoldrushand,likemanyofhiswealthycontemporaries,madehisfortuneintherailroads.HewasaleaderoftheRepublicanParty,governorofCaliforniaandlateraU.S.senator.HeandJanehadoneson,whodiedoftyphoidfeverin1884whenthefamilywastravelinginItaly.LelandJr.wasjust15.Withinweeksofhisdeath,theStanfordsdecidedthat,becausetheynolongercoulddoanythingfortheirownchild,"
thechildrenofCaliforniashallbeourchildren."
Theyquicklysetabouttofindalastingwaytomemorializetheirbelovedson.
TheStanfordsconsideredseveralpossibilities–
auniversity,atechnicalschool,amuseum.WhileontheEastCoast,theyvisitedHarvard,MIT,CornellandJohnsHopkins
toseekadviceonstartinganewuniversityinCalifornia.(SeenoteregardingaccountsoftheStanfordsvisitwithHarvardPresidentCharlesW.Eliot.)Ultimately,theydecidedtoestablishtwoinstitutionsinLelandJunior'
sname-theUniversityandamuseum.Fromtheoutsettheymadesomeuntraditionalchoices:
theuniversitywouldbecoeducational,inatimewhenmostwereall-male;
non-denominational,whenmostwereassociatedwithareligiousorganization;
andavowedlypractical,producing"
culturedandusefulcitizens."
OnOctober1,1891,StanfordUniversityopeneditsdoorsaftersixyearsofplanningandbuilding.ThepredictionofaNewYorknewspaperthatStanfordprofessorswould"
lectureinmarblehallstoemptybenches"
wasquicklydisproved.Thefirststudentbodyconsistedof555menandwomen,andtheoriginalfacultyof15wasexpandedto49forthesecondyear.Theuniversity’sfirstpresidentwasDavidStarrJordan,agraduateofCornell,wholefthispostaspresidentofIndianaUniversitytojointheadventureoutWest.
TheStanfordsengagedFrederickLawOlmsted,thefamedlandscapearchitectwhocreatedNewYork’sCentralPark,todesignthephysicalplanfortheuniversity.Thecollaborationwascontentious,butfinallyresultedinanorganizationofquadranglesonaneast-westaxis.Today,asStanfordcontinuestoexpand,theuniversity’sarchitectsattempttorespectthoseoriginaluniversityplans.
YaleUniversity
LuxetVeritas(LightandTruth)
ItmeansYaleUniversitypursuesthepragmaticspiritoflightandtruthandthespiritofcreation.
Yale’srootscanbetracedbacktothe1640s,whencolonialclergymenledanefforttoestablishacollegeinNewHaventopreservethetraditionofEuropeanliberaleducationintheNewWorld.Thisvisionwasfulfilledin1701,whenthecharterwasgrantedforaschool“whereinYouthmaybeinstructedintheArtsandSciences[and]throughtheblessingofAlmightyGodmaybefittedforPublickemploymentbothinChurchandCivilState.”In1718theschoolwasrenamed“YaleCollege”ingratitudetotheWelshmerchantElihuYale,whohaddonatedtheproceedsfromthesaleofninebalesofgoodstogetherwith417booksandaportraitofKingGeorgeI.
YaleCollegesurvivedtheAmericanRevolutionaryWar(1775–1783)intactand,bytheendofitsfirsthundredyears,hadgrownrapidly.ThenineteenthandtwentiethcenturiesbroughttheestablishmentofthegraduateandprofessionalschoolsthatwouldmakeYaleatrueuniversity.TheYaleSchoolofMedicinewascharteredin1810,followedbytheDivinitySchoolin1822,theLawSchoolin1824,andtheGraduateSchoolofArtsandSciencesin1847(which,in1861,awardedthefirstPh.D.intheUnitedStates),followedbytheschoolsofArtin1869,Musicin1894,Forestry&
EnvironmentalStudiesin1900,Nursingin1923,Dramain1955,Architecturein1972,andManagementin1974.
InternationalstudentshavemadetheirwaytoYalesincethe1830s,whenthefirstLatinAmericanstudentenrolled.ThefirstChinesecitizentoearnadegreeataWesterncollegeoruniversitycametoYalein1850.Today,internationalstudentsmakeupnearly9percentoftheundergraduatestudentbody,and16percentofallstudentsattheUniversity.Yale’sdistinguishedfacultyincludesmanywhohavebeentrainedoreducatedabroadandmanywhosefieldsofresearchhaveaglobalemphasis;
andinternationalstudiesandexchangesplayanincreasinglyimportantroleintheYaleCollegecurriculum.TheUniversitybeganadmittingwomenstudentsatthegraduatelevelin1869,andasundergraduatesin1969.
YaleCollegewastransformed,beginningintheearly1930s,bytheestablishmentofresidentialcolleges.TakingmedievalEnglishuniversitiessuchasOxfordandCambridgeasitsmodel,thisdistinctivesystemdividestheundergraduatepopulationintotwelveseparatecommunitiesofapproximately450memberseach,therebyenablingYaletoofferitsstudentsboththeintimacyofasmallcollegeenvironmentandthevastresourcesofamajorresearchuniversity.Eachcollegesurroundsacourtyardandoccupiesuptoafullcityblock,providingacongenialcommunitywhereresidentslive,eat,socialize,andpursueavarietyofacademicandextracurricularactivities.Eachcollegehasamasteranddean,aswellasanumberofresidentfacultymembersknownasfellows,andeachhasitsowndininghall,library,seminarrooms,recreationlounges,andotherfacilities.
Today,Yalehasmaturedintooneoftheworld’sgreatuniversities.Its11,000studentscomefromallfiftyAmericanstatesandfrom108countries.The3,200-memberfacultyisarichlydiversegroupofmenandwomenwhoareleadersintheirrespectivefields.Thecentralcampusnowcovers310acres(125hectares)stretchingfromtheSchoolofNursingindowntownNewHaventotree-shadedresidentialneighborhoodsaroundtheDivinitySchool.Yale’s260buildingsincludecontributionsfromdistinguishedarchitectsofeveryperiodinitshistory.StylesrangefromNewEnglandColonialtoHighVictorianGothic,fromMoorishRevivaltocontemporary.Yale’sbuildings,towers,lawns,courtyards,walkways,gates,andarchescomprisewhatonearchitecturecritichascalled“themostbeautifulurbancampusinAmerica.”Yale'
sWestCampus,located7mileswestofdowntownNewHavenon136acres,wasacquiredin2007andincludes1.6millionsquarefeetofresearch,office,andwarehousespacethatprovidesopportunitiestoenhancetheUniversity’smedicalandscientificresearchandotheracademicprograms.TheUniversityalsomaintainsover600acres(243hectares)ofathleticfieldsandnaturalpreservesjustashortbusridefromthecenteroftown.
HarvardUniversity
LetPlatobeyourfriend,andAristotle,butmoreletyourfriendbetruth.(VERITAS)
Ithastwomeanings:
First,tovaluetradition,especiallyasPlatoandAristotlerepresenthumanisticrationaltradition,theybelievethereiseternalwisdomingreattradition.Second,itemphasizestopursuethehighestprinciplesoftruth.
HarvardistheoldestinstitutionofhighereducationintheUnitedStates,establishedin1636byvoteoftheGreatandGeneralCourtoftheMassachusettsBayColony.ItwasnamedaftertheCollege’sfirstbenefactor,theyoungministerJohnHarvardofCharlestown,whouponhisdeathin1638lefthislibraryandhalfhisestatetotheinstitution.AstatueofJohnHarvardstandstodayinfrontofUniversityHallinHarvardYard,andisperhapstheUniversity’sbestknownlandmark.
Duringitsearlyyears,theCollegeofferedaclassicacademiccoursebasedontheEnglishUniversitymodelbutconsistentwiththeprevailingPuritanphilosophyofthefirstcolonists.AlthoughmanyofitsearlygraduatesbecameministersinPuritancongregationsthroughoutNewEngland,thecollegeneverformallyaffiliatedwithaspecificreligiousdenomination
UnderpresidentPusey(1953-71),HarvardundertookwhatwasthenthelargestfundraisingcampaigninthehistoryofAmericanhighereducation,the$82.5millionProgramforHarvardCollege.TheProgramstrengthenedfacultysalaries,broadenedstudentaid,creatednewprofessorships,andexpandedHarvard'
sphysicalfacilities.Asimilarbutgreatlyexpandedfundraisingeffort,theHarvardCampaign(1979-84),wasconductedundertheleadershipofDerekBok(1971-81)andraised$356millionbytheendofl984.
NeiIL.RudenstinetookofficeasHarvard'
s26thpresidentin1991.AspartofanoverallefforttoachievegreatercoordinationamongtheUniversity’sschoolsandfaculties.RudenstinesetinmotionanintensiveprocessofUniversity.Wideacademicplanning,intendedtoidentifysomeofHarvard'
smainintellectualandprogrammaticpriorities.
Thosehavebecomeanintegralpartofthecurrentfive-yearcapitalcampaign.Inaddition,RudenstinehasstressedtheUniversity'
scommitmenttoexcellenceinundergraduateeucation,theimportanceofkeepingHarvard'
sdoorsopentostudentsfromacrosstheeconomicspectrum,thetaskofadaptingtheresearchuniversitytoaneraofbothrapidinformationgrowthandseriousfinancialconstraints,andthechallengeoflivingtogetherinadiversecommunitycommittedtofreedomofexpression.
UniversityofOxford
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