换言之翻译第一章讲义西外.docx
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换言之翻译第一章讲义西外.docx
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换言之翻译第一章讲义西外
换言之翻译第一章讲义西外
InOtherWords:
ACoursebookonTranslation
MonaBaker
AnEgyptianprofessoroftranslationstudies
attheUniversityofManchesterinEngland,
andaneditorof"TheTranslator"and
editorialdirectorofSt.JeromePublishing.
ShefirstarrivedatUMIST(TheUniversityofManchesterInstituteofScienceandTechnology)in1995andbecameaprofessortherein1997.SheprovidescommentaryontheMiddleEastconflict,andresearchintranslationandinterculturalstudies.ThesitealsohassectionsontheboycottofIsraeliacademicinstitutions,IsraelandPalestinianuniversities,generalopinionsontheMiddleEastandcallsforboycottofIsraeliproductsandservices.
Schedule
Week1Chapter1+2
Week23+4
Week35
Week46
Week57
EachWeek:
Theory2hours+Practice1hour
TERMINOLOGY
Backtranslation
Word
Morpheme
Lexicalmeaning
Propositionalmeaning
Expressivemeaning
Presupposedmeaning
Selectionalrestriction
Collocationalrestriction
Evokedmeaning
Dialect
Register
Field
Tenor
Mode
Semanticfield
Lexicalsets
Superordinate
Hyponym
Loanword
Falsefriend
Backtranslation:
aprocessinwhichatextthathasbeentranslatedintoagivenlanguageisretranslatedintothesourcelanguage.P8
Word:
thesmallestunitoflanguagethatcanbeusedbyitself.P11
Morpheme:
theminimalformalelementofmeaninginlanguage;aunitwhichcannotcontainmorethanoneelementofmeaningandcannotbefurtheranalyzed.P11
Lexicalmeaning:
thespecificvalueawordhasinaparticularlinguisticsystemandthe“personality”itacquiresthroughusagewithinthatsystem.P12
Propositionalmeaning:
themeaningofawordoranutterancewhicharisesfromtherelationbetweenitandwhatitreferstoordescribesinarealorimaginaryworld,asconceivedbythespeakersoftheparticularlanguagetowhichthewordorutterancebelongs.P13
Expressivemeaning:
themeaningofawordoranutterancewhichrelatestothespeaker’sfeelingsorattituderatherthantowhatwordsandutterancesreferto.P13
Presupposedmeaning:
themeaningofawordoranutterancewhicharisesfromco-occurrencerestrictions,.restrictionsonwhatotherwordsorexpressionsweexpecttoseebeforeorafteraparticularlexicalunit.P14
Selectionalrestriction:
1.arestrictiononthechoiceofindividuallexicalunitsinconstructionwithotherlexicalunits..breathwilltypically“select”ananimatesubject,notanabstractoraninanimate.2.Arestrictionimposedonthepotentialreferentsofaphrase,etc.relatedtoit:
.pregnantwilltypically“select”asubjectreferringtosomeoneorsomeanimalthatisfemale.P14
Collocationalrestriction:
anyrestrictiononthecollocabilityofoneindividualwordwithanother.P14
Evokedmeaning:
themeaningwhicharisesfromdialectandregistervariation.P15
Dialect:
Adialectisavarietyoflanguagewhichhascurrencywithinaspecificcommunityorgroupofspeakers.P15
Register:
avarietyoflanguagethatalanguageuserconsidersappropriatetoaspecificsituation.P15
Fieldofdiscourse:
Anabstracttermfor“whatisgoingon”thatisrelevanttothespeaker’schoiceoflinguisticitems.P16
Tenorofdiscourse:
Anabstracttermfortherelationshipsbetweenthepeopletakingpartinthediscourse.P16
Modeofdiscourse:
Anabstracttermfortherolethatthelanguageisplaying(speech,essay,lecture,instructions)andforitsmediumoftransmission(spoken,written).
Halliday(1964)identifiesthreevariablesthatdetermineregister:
Field(thesubjectmatterofthediscourse),
Tenor(theparticipantsandtheirrelationships)and
Mode(thechannelofcommunication,.spokenorwritten).
Semanticfield:
adistinctpartofthelexicondefinedbysomegeneraltermorconcept..inEnglishthesemanticfieldofcolourincludeswordssuchasblackandred.P18
Lexicalsets:
theactualwordsandexpressionsundereachsemanticfield.P18
Superordinate:
awordthemeaningofwhichincludesthemeaningofanotherwordorwords.P20
Hyponym:
awordwhosemeaningisincludedinthatofanotherword.P20
Loanword:
awordimportedbyborrowingfromanotherlanguage.P25
Falsefriend:
wordsorexpressionswhichhavethesameformintwoormorelanguagesbutconveydifferentmeanings.P25
Correspondence:
atermusedtorefertotherelationshipwhichexistsbetweenelementsofSLandTLthatareinsomewayconsideredtobecounterpartsofeachother.
Equivalence:
(seecorrespondence)
Domestication(domesticatingtranslation):
atermusedbyVenutitodescribethetranslationstrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextforTLreaders.
Foreignization(foreignizingtranslation):
atermusedbyVenutitodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichaTTisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.
SL(sourcelanguage):
thelanguageinwhichthetextbeingtranslatediswritten.
TL(targetlanguage):
thelanguagewhichisbeingtranslatedinto.
ST(sourcetext):
thetext(writtenorspoken)whichprovidesthepointofdepartureforatranslation.
TT(targettext):
atextwhichhasbeenproducedbyanactoftranslation.
SL-orientedtranslation:
atranslationwhichputsitsemphasisontheclosetransferofthesourcetext.
TL-orientedtranslation:
atranslationwhichputsemphasisontheresponseofthereceptoroftheTT.
Chapter2Equivalenceatwordlevel
Outline
TheWordinDifferentLanguages
Whatisaword
Isthereaone-to-onerelationshipbetweenwordandmeaning
Introducingmorphemes
LexicalMeaning
Propositionalmeaning,expressivemeaning,presupposedmeaning,evokedmeaning
Propositionalvsexpressivemeaning
Presupposedmeaning
Selectionalrestriction&collocationalrestriction
Evokedmeaning
Register—field,tenorandmode
TheProblemofNon-Equivalence
Semanticfieldsandlexicalsets—thesegmentationofexperience
Semanticfield
Lexicalsets
Superordinatevshyponym
Non-equivalenceatwordlevelandsomecommonstrategiesfordealingwithit
Commonproblemsofnon-equivalence
1.Culture-specificconcepts
2.Thesource-languageconceptisnotlexicalizedinthetargetlanguage
3.Thesource-languagewordissemanticallycomplex
4.Thesourceandtargetlanguagemakedifferentdistinctionsinmeaning
5.Thetargetlanguagelacksasuperordinate
6.Thetargetlanguagelacksaspecificterm(hyponym)
7.Differencesinphysicalorinterpersonalperspective
8.Differencesinexpressivemeaning
9.Differencesinform
10.Differencesinfrequencyandpurposeofusingspecificforms
11.Theuseofloanwordsinthesourcetext
Strategiesusedbyprofessionaltranslators
1.Translationbyamoregeneralword(superordinate)—generalization
2.Translationbyamoreneutral/lessexpressiveword—undertranslation
3.Translationbyculturalsubstitution—domestication
4.Translationusingaloanwordorloanwordplusexplanation
5.Translationbyparaphraseusingarelatedword
6.Translationbyparaphraseusingunrelatedwords
7.Translationbyomission
8.Translationbyillustration
提示:
本题答案与例子可参考冯庆华《实用翻译教程》第三章“词法翻译”
1.Translationbyamoregeneralword(superordinate)
.
《关雎》
参差荇菜:
waterplants
关关雎鸠:
waterbirds
2.Translationbyamoreneutral/lessexpressiveword
Notorious—有名的
Propaganda—宣传
顽固不化—stubborn
没完没了—persistent
3.Translationbyculturalsubstitution(adaptation)
Jesus—老天爷
Devil—阎罗王
肉夹馍—Chinesehamburger
作揖—shakehands
4.Translationusingaloanwordorloanwordplusexplanation
Ipad:
Ipad
5.Translationbyparaphraseusingarelatedword
农历:
Chineselunarcalendar
6.Translationbyparaphraseusingunrelatedwords
Redshirt:
美国大学生中在体育方面有发展前途的学生
7.Translationbyomission(andaddition)
(例子见冯庆华第三章“词法翻译”:
四增词译法、五省词译法)
ExamplesforLexicalMeaning
Propositionalmeaning
A.Therearecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeef.
在地里放养的叫牲口,坐下来吃的叫牛肉。
()
cattle
Noun
1.domesticatedbovineanimalsasagroupregardlessofsexorage;"ateamofoxen"
Propositionalmeaning
B.上海一家超市被曝光多年销售染色馒头。
a.AsupermarketinShanghaiwasreportedtohavesolddyedsteamedbunsforyears.()
todye:
tochangethecolorofsth,especiallybyusingaspecialliquidorsubstance.
b.AsupermarketinShanghaiwasreportedtohavesoldquestionablytintedsteamedbunsforyears.
ExpressiveMeaning—“Colorful”
Commendatory
tough-minded
resolute,firm
shrewd
childlike
wiseman
manofusualtalent
portly,stout,solid,plum
slender,slim
Derogatory
ruthless
obstinate
sly,crafty
childish
wiseguy
freak
fleshy,fat,tubby
lean,skinny,lanky,weedy,scraggy
PresupposedMeaning
pretty:
girl,boy,woman,flower,garden,colour,village,etc.
handsome:
boy,man,car,vessel,overcoat,airliner,typewriter,etc.
a.Itisawetsummer.
b.Heisallwet.
c.Heiswetthrough.
a1这是一个多雨的夏天。
b1他完全弄错了。
c1他浑身湿透了。
大雨
大风
大雾
自我意识
竞争意识
恶性循环
恶性肿瘤
恶性通货膨胀
一次性拖鞋
一次性付款
heavyrain
strongwind
thickfog
self-consciousness
competitivespirit
viciouscircle
malignanttumor
gallopinginflation
disposableslippers
lump-sumpayment
Yet,asitsometimeshappensthatapersondepartshislife,whoisreallydeservingofthepraisesthestone-cuttercarvesoverhisbones;whoisagoodChristian,agoodparent,agoodchild,agoodwifeoragoodhusband;whoactuallydoeshaveadisconsolatefamilytomournhisloss;…(W.M.Thackeray,VanityFair)
不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠在他们朽骨上的好话。
真的是虔诚的教徒,慈爱的父母,孝顺的儿女,贤良的妻子,尽职的丈夫,他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵的追悼他们。
……(W.M.萨克雷《名利场》),杨必译)
EvokedMeaning
Dialect
A.GeographicalDialect
ThemoststrikingdifferencebetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishisstillfoundinterm
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