第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学文档格式.docx
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第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学文档格式.docx
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ThecolonialAmericanliterature殖民地时期
II.知识点精讲
1.时代背景
1)TheNativeAmericanandtheirculture---Indians.BeforeChristopherColumbusdiscoveredtheAmericancontinent,therewasnorealliterature.
2)ChristopherColumbusdiscoveredtheAmericancontinentin1492.
3)CaptainChristopherNewportreachedVirginiain1607.
4)PuritanscametotheNewEnglandarea,byMayflower(五月花号)in1620.
In1629,thepuritansestablishedtheMassachusettsBayColony.(马萨诸塞湾)
PuritanscametoAmericaoutofvariousreasons,butitshouldberememberedthattheywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Itistruethattheywishedtoescapereligiouspersecution—andtheEnglishgovernmentregardeditsAmericancolonyasanidealdumpinggroundfortheundesirables,buttheywerealsodeterminedtofindaplacewheretheycouldworshipinthewaytheythoughttrueChristiansshould.TheyregardedthemselvesasGod'
schosenpeople,theyweremeanttoreestablishacommonwealthbasedontheteachingsoftheBible,restorethelostparadise,andbuildthewildernessintoanewGardenofEden.
5)Thepuritanmigrationbegan.
ThesettlementoftheNorthAmericancontinentbytheEnglishbeganintheearlypartoftheseventeenthcentury.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthemPuritans.TheycarriedwiththemtoAmericaacodeofvalues,aphilosophyoflife,andapointofview,which,intime,tookrootintheNewWorldandbecamewhatispopularlyknownasAmericanPuritanism.
6)TheBritishIndustrialrevolution(1750-1830)spurredtheeconomyinAmericancolonies;
inAmerican,therewasWarofIndependence(1776-1783);
thespirituallifeofthecolonies----Enlightenmentbegantoappear.Thus,thisperiodwastheliteratureofreasonandrevolution(1781-1815).
2.名词解释
1)Puritans(清教徒):
TheyareonedivisionofEnglishProtestant.TheyregardedthereformationofthechurchunderElizabethasincomplete,andcalledforfurtherpurification.
The17thcenturyAmericanPuritansincludedtwoparts:
SeparatistsandMassachusettsBayGroup.Theirreligiousdoctrinesareoriginalsin,totaldepravity,predestinationandlimitedatonement(orthesalvationofaselectedfew)throughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.TheyregardedthemselvesaschosenpeopleofGod.TheyweremeanttoreestablishacommonwealthbasedontheteachingsoftheBible,restorethelostparadise,andbuildthewildernessintoanewGardenofEden.Theyopposedartsandpleasure.Theysuspectjoyandlaughterassymptomsofsin.TheyareopposedtomysticismandpantheismbecausethesetendedtodestroythetranscendenceofGod.
Theyembracedhardships,industryandfrugality.Theyfavoredadisciplined,hard,somber,asceticandharshlife.Theirattitudestowardwork:
workitselfisgoodinadditiontowhatitachieves,thattimesavedbyefficiencyorgoodfortuneshouldbespentindoingfurtherwork.Pushingthefrontierswiththemastheymovedfurtherandfurtherwestward,theybecamemorepractical,asindeedtheyhadtobe."
Adoctrinaireopportunist"
cameperhapsclosesttotheAmericanPuritanidealforman.
2)AmericanPuritanism(美国清教主义):
Itisareligiousandpoliticalmovement.Throughit,oneseesemergingtherightoftheindividualtopoliticalandreligiousindependence.Ithasbecome,tosomeextent,somuchastateofmind,ratherthanasetoftenets,apartofthenationalculturalatmospherethattheAmericansbreathe,thatwemaystatewithadegreeofsafetythat,withoutsomeunderstandingofPuritanism,therecanbenorealunderstandingofAmericancultureandliterature.AmericanPuritanismhasbeen,byandlarge,ahealthylegacytotheAmericans.
3)AmericanDream(美国梦):
TheAmericanDreamisthefaithheldbymanyintheUnitedStatesofAmericathatthroughhardwork,courage,anddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallythroughfinancialprosperity.ThesewerevaluesheldbymanyearlyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.NowadaystheAmericanDreamhasledtoanemphasisonmaterialwealthasameasureofsuccessand/orhappiness.
4)GreatAwakening(大觉醒):
GreatAwakeningisaseriesofreligiousrevivalsthatsweptovertheAmericancoloniesaboutthemiddleofthe18thcentury.Itresultedindoctrinalchangesandinfluencedsocialandpoliticalthought.InNewEnglanditwasstarted(1734)bytherousingpreachingofJonathanEdwards.
3.作家作品
1)CaptainJohnSmith(1580-1631)(约翰·
史密斯)---firstAmericanwriter
CaptainJohnSmithwasoneofthefirstearly17th-centuryBritishsettlersinNorthAmerica.HewasoneofthefoundersofthecolonyofJamestown,Virginia.HiswritingsaboutNorthAmericabecamethesourceofinformationabouttheNewWorldforlatersettlers.OneofthethingshewroteaboutthathasbecomeanAmericanlegendwashiscapturebytheIndiansandhisrescuebythefamousIndianPrincess,Pocahontas.AnotherthinghewroteaboutthatbecamehistoricallyimportantishisdescriptionofthefertileandvastnewcontinentinhisADescriptionofNewEngland.Hisnarrativerevealstheearlysettlers'
visionofthenewlandassomethingcapableofbeingbuiltintoanewGardenofEden.
Hiscontributions:
TherewasthefamousJohnSmith'
sdescriptionofNewEnglandasapromisingvirginland,whichcametotheattentionofmanypeopleinEnglandandEuropeanddrewmanyofthemovertotheNewWorld.
HisdescriptionofAmericanwasfilledwiththemes,myths,images,scenes,charactersandeventsthatwereafoundationforthenation’sliterature.HeluredthePilgrimsintofleeinghereandcreatinganewland.
2)WilliamBradford(1590-1657)(威廉·
布拉德福德)----thefirstgovernorofthePlymouth
WilliamBradfordledtheMayflowerendeavorandbecamethefirstgovernorofthePlymouthPlantationthatheestablishedwithhisgroupofPilgrimFathers.HisOfPlymouthPlantation(《普利茅斯殖民史》)records,alongwithotherthingsofahistoricnature,thedeliberationsthatthefirstsettlersofNorthAmericahadregardingtheircolonizingundertaking.InchapterIV,"
ShowingtheReasonsandCausesoftheirRemoval,"
Bradfordstatesthefourthreasonfortheirdepartureforthenewworldwhenhesaysthathispeoplehad"
agreathopeandinwardzeal"
todothespadeworkfordisseminating"
thegospelofthekingdomofChrist"
inthenewworldandtheywereevenwillingtobestepping-stonesforothersindoingthisgreatwork.Thereligiousandidealisticnatureoftheiradventureintotheunknownworldisself-evident.
ThecharacteristicsoftheOfPlymouthPlantation(《普利茅斯殖民史》)aresimplicity,fullofearnestness,directreporting.Itisreadableandmoving.
3)JohnWinthrop温斯罗普(1588-1649)----ThefirstgovernoroftheMassachusettsBayColony
JohnWinthrop,thefirstgovernoroftheMassachusettsBayColony,statesinthisspeechofhisthattherewasthecausebetweenGodandhispeoplewhoenteredintoacovenantwithGodforthisworkofbuildinganewgardenofEdeninthenewworld
JohnWinthrop’sworksareAModelofChristianCharity(《基督教仁爱的典》),whichisaspeech,andTheHistoryofNewEngland(《新英格兰的历史》).
4)AnneBradstreet(1612-1672)(安妮·
布雷兹特里特)-----aPuritanpoet
TheAmericanpoetswhoemergedinthe17thcenturyadaptedthestyleofestablishedEuropeanpoetstothesubjectmatterconfrontedinastrange,newenvironment.AnneBradstreet(1612-1672)wasonesuchpoet.
TheargumentofmostofAnneBradstreet’spoemsisessentiallyaboutthejusticeofGod’swayswithHisPuritanflock.Herworkssearchforasenseofman’snatureanddestinyandhismissioninthenewworld.OnemorethingtonoteaboutAnneBradstreetisherdescriptionoftheearlysettlers’lifeinthenewworld.Forexample,“AsWearyPilgrim,”(《疲倦的朝圣者》)onedevotedtoGodasmuchasanyofherotherpoems,offerssomehintsofthehardshipsthattheysufferedintheirfirstdaysthere.
AnneBradstreetwasaPuritanpoetwhowrote“ponderousVersesofinterminable,inter-lockingpoems”onthefourelements,theconstitutionsandagesofman,theseasonsoftheyear,andthechiefempiresoftheancientworld.HerpoemsmadesuchastirinEnglandthatshebecameknownasthe“TenthMuse”whoappearedinAmerica.Mostofotherverses(havefallenintotheobscurityoftime,buthergentle“Contemplations”(《沉思》)arestillreadtoday.
TheninthoffersthereaderaninsightintothementalityoftheearlyPuritanspioneeringinanewworld.Whenthepoetheardthegrasshopperandthecricketsing,shethoughtofthisastheirpraisingtheirCreatorandsearchedherownsoulaccordingly.Itisevidentthatshesawsomethingmetaphysicalinheringinthephysical,amodeofperceptionthatwassingularlyPuritan.
Herotherpoemssuchas“ToMyDearandLovingHusband”(《致我亲爱的丈夫》)and“InReferencetoHerChildren,”however,denotethehumansideofherbeingclearly.Take“ToMyDearandLovingHusband”forinstance:
ComingfromadevoutPuritan,theselinesaresurprisingbecausetheyrevealtheinner“soul-scape”ofthe“Puritans”sographically.ReadAnneBradstreet’spoemsonherchildrenandgrandchildren,anditwillbeclearthatthelove,thecare,andthehappinessthatcomesfromfamilylifearealltheimportanttoherindeed.
“TheFleshandtheSpirit”(《灵魂和肉体》)
Thestrugglebetweenthetwoimpulses(spiritualandmaterial)isperennialandconstitutesthebasictextureofthePuritanmind.Herpoem,“TheFleshandtheSpirit,”depictingasitdoestwosistersarguingabouttheirvalues,isagoodillustration.TheFlesh,oneofthetwi
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- 第一章 殖民地 时期 独立 革命 美国 文学