供应链设计与管理第三版期末考试重点 供应链知识理念 英文版本.docx
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供应链设计与管理第三版期末考试重点 供应链知识理念 英文版本.docx
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供应链设计与管理第三版期末考试重点供应链知识理念英文版本
Chapter1.IroductiontoSupplyChainManagement
1.【supplychain】Thesystemofsuppliers,manufacturers,transportation,distributors,andvendorsthatexiststotransformrawmaterialstofinalproductsandsupplythoseproductstocustomers.
2.【supplychainmanagement】SCMisabusinessnetworkcoveringfrombuying,making,moving,warehousingtoselling.
3.【Whatmakessupplychainmanagementdifficult?
】
Supplychainstrategiescannotbedeterminedinisolation.Theyaredirectlyaffectedbyanotherchainthatmostorganizationshave,thedevelopmentchain.
Itischallengingtodesignandoperateasupplychainsothattotalsystemwidecostsareminimized,andsystemwideservicelevelsaremaintained.
Uncertaintyandriskareinherentineverysupplychain.
4.【StrategiesforSCM】
GlobalOptimization(全局优化)ManagingUncertainty(管理不确定性)
5.【WhyisGlobalOptimizationHard?
】
Thesupplychainisacomplexnetwork.
Differentfacilitiesinthesupplychainfrequentlyhavedifferent,conflictingobjectives.
Thesupplychainisadynamicsystem.
Systemvariationsovertime
6.【WhyIsUncertaintyHardtoDealWith?
】
Matchingsupplyanddemandisamajorchallenge.
Forecastingdoesn’tsolvetheproblem.
Inventoryandback-orderlevelstypicallyfluctuateconsiderablyacrossthesupplychain,evenwhencustomerdemandforspecificproductsdoesnotvarygreatly.
Demandisnottheonlysourceofuncertainty.
Recenttrendssuchasleanmanufacturing,outsourcing,andoffshoringthatfocusonreductionincreaseriskssignificantly.
7.【Thethreeprinciplesofallforecastingtechniques】
Forecastingisalwayswrong.Thelongertheforecasthorizon,theworsetheforecast.
Aggregateforecastsaremoreaccurate.
Chapter2.InventoryManagement,SupplyContractsandRiskPooling
1.【何时低(高)于平均需求】Ifthecostofnotsellinganadditionalunitislargerthantheprofitfromsellinganadditionalunit,theoptimalquantityingeneralwillbelessthanaveragedemand,whileifthereverseistrue,theoptimalorderquantityingeneralwillbegreaterthanaveragedemand.
2.【平均需求与最优订货量的关系】Theoptimalorderquantityisnotnecessarilyequaltoaverage,orforecastdemand.
3.【Coefficientofvariation】
Coefficientofvariation
TheStandarddeviationmeasurestheabsolutevariabilityofcustomerdemands,thecoefficientofvariationmeasuresvariabilityrelativetoaveragedemand.
4.【RiskPooling:
threecriticalpoints】
Centralizinginventorycontrolreducesbothsafetystockandaverageinventorylevelforthesameservicelevel.
Thehigherthecoefficientofvariation,thegreaterthebenefitobtainedfromcentralizedsystems;thatis,thegreaterthebenefitfromriskPooling.
ThebenefitsfromriskPoolingdependonthebehaviorofdemandfromonemarketrelativetodemandfromanother.
5.【ForecastingMethods】
Judgmentmethods(判断方法)Marketresearchmethods(市场研究方法)为定性方法
TimeSeriesmethods(时间序列方法)Causalmethods(因果方法)为定量方法。
6.【InventoryManagement’scontrollingmethods】
Continuousreviewpolicy(持续检查策略)Periodicreviewpolicy(定期检查策略)
7.【(s,S)Policy】Whenevertheinventorypositiondropsbelowacertainlevel,s,weordertoraisetheinventorypositiontolevelS.
(s,S)的计算:
Thereorderpoint(s)hastwocomponents:
a.Toaccountforaveragedemandduringleadtime:
LT
AVG
b.Toaccountfordeviationsfromaverage(wecallthissafetystock):
z
STD
wherezischosenfromstatisticaltablestoensurethattheprobabilityofstockoutsduringleadtimeis100%-SL.
Sincethereisafixedcost,weordermorethanuptothereorderpoint:
Q=
Thetotalorder-up-tolevelis:
S=Q+s
注:
AVG=averagedailydemand
STD=standarddeviationofdailydemand
LT=replenishmentleadtimeindays
h=holdingcostofoneunitforoneday
SL=servicelevel(forexample,95%).Thisimpliesthattheprobabilityof
Stockingoutis100%-SL(forexample,5%)
K=fixedcost
Also,theInventoryPositionatanytimeistheactualinventoryplusitems
alreadyordered,butnotyetdelivered.
8.【JudgmentMethods】
Assembletheopinionofexperts
Sales-forcecompositecombinessalespeople’sestimates(销售人员汇集意见)
Panelsofexperts–internal,external,both(专家座谈)
Delphimethod(德尔菲方法):
a.Eachmembersurveyed
b.Opinionsarecompiled
c.Eachmemberisgiventheopportunitytochangehisopinion.
9.【SupplyContracts】
Buy-BackContracts(回购合同):
Theselleragreestobuybackunsoldgoodsfromthebuyerforsomeagreed-uponpricehigherthanthesalvagevalue.
Revenue-SharingContracts(收入共享合同):
Thebuyersharessomeofitsrevenuewiththeseller,inreturnforadiscountonthewholesaleprice.
GlobalOptimizationContracts(全局优化合同):
Thisunbiaseddecisionmakerwouldconsiderthetwosupplychainpartners,thesupplierandthebuyer,astwomembersofthesameorganization.Thatis,thetransferofmoneybetweenthepartiesisignoredandtheunbiaseddecisionmakerwillmaximizesupplychainprofit.
QuantityFlexibilityContracts(数量灵活合同):
Supplierprovidesfullrefundforreturneditemsaslongasthenumberofreturnsisnolargerthanacertainquantity.
SalesRebateContracts(销售回扣合同):
Supplierprovidesadirectincentivetotheretailertoincreasesalesbymeansofarebatepaidbythesupplierforanyitemsoldaboveacertainquantity.
Chapter3.LogisticsNetworkConfiguration
1.【物流网络配置】
2.【数据处理】
3.【网络技术】
4.【SolutionTechniques】
Mathematicaloptimizationtechniques:
a.Exactalgorithms:
findoptimalsolutions(准确算法)
b.Heuristics:
find“good”solutions,notnecessarilyoptimal(启发式算法)
Simulationmodels:
provideamechanismtoevaluatespecifieddesignalternativescreatedbythedesigner.
Chapter4.TheValueofInformation
1.【“Inmodernsupplychains,informationreplacesinventory”】Ithinkitistruebecauseinformation:
HelpsreducevariabilityHelpsimproveforecastsEnablescoordinationofsystemsandstrategies
ImprovescustomerserviceFacilitatesleadtimereductions
Enablesfirmstoreactmorequicklytochangingmarketconditions.
2.【WhatistheBullwhipEffect?
】Ordervariabilityisamplified(放大)thesupplychain;upstreamechelons(梯度)facehighervariability.
3.【WhatarethecausestheBullwhipEffect?
】
Promotionalsales:
Forwardbuying
Volumeandtransportationdiscounts:
Batching
Inflatedorders:
IBMAptivaordersincreasedby2-3timeswhenretailersthoughtthatIBMwouldbeoutofstockoverChristmas
Demandforecasting:
Order-up-topointsaremodifiedasforecastschange–ordersincreasemorethanforecasts
Longcycletimes:
Longleadtimesmagnifythiseffect
4.【MethodsforCopingwiththeBullwhipEffect】
Reduceuncertainty:
POS;Sharinginformation;Sharingforecastsandpolicies
Reducevariability:
Eliminatepromotions;Year-roundlowpricing
Reduceleadtimes:
EDI;Crossdocking
Strategicpartnerships:
Vendormanagedinventory(VMI);Datasharing
5.【集中信息】
Chapter5.SupplyChainIntegration
1.【SupplyChainStrategies】
PushStrategies:
特点:
a.Productiondecisionsbasedonlong-termforecasts
b.Orderingdecisionsbasedoninventory&forecasts
缺点:
a.Inabilitytomeetchangingdemandpatterns.
b.Theobsolescenceofsupplychaininventoryasdemandforcertainproductsdisappears.
c.Thebullwhipeffect:
Excessiveinventory(库存过多),Excessiveproductionvariability,Poorservicelevels
PullStrategies:
特点:
Productionisdemanddriven
a.Productionanddistributioncoordinatedwithtruecustomerdemand
b.Firmsrespondtospecificorders
优点:
a.Reducedleadtimes(betteranticipation)
b.Decreasedinventorylevelsatretailersandmanufacturers
c.Decreasedsystemvariability
d.Betterresponsetochangingmarkets
缺点:
a.Hardertoleverageeconomiesofscale
b.Doesn’tworkinallcases
Push-PullSupplyChains
2.【模型图】
3.【Theimpactofleadtimeanddemanduncertainty】
Chapter6.StrategicAlliances
1.【StrategicAlliances】Strategicalliancesaretypicallymultifaceted(多方位的),goal-oriented,long-termpartnershipsbetweentwocompaniesinwhichbothrisksandrewardsareshared.
2.【Thealliancewillhelpaddressthefollowingissues】
Addingvaluetoproducts(增加产品价值)
Improvingmarketaccess(改善市场进入)
Strengtheningoperations(强化运作管理)
Addingtechnologicalstrength(增强技术力量)
Enhancingstrategicgrowth(促进战略成长)
Enhancingorganizationalskills(提高组织技能)
Buildingfinancialstrength(建立财务优势)
3.【TypesofStrategicPartnering】
4.【AdvantagesofSP】
Fullyutilizesystemknowledge
Decreaserequiredinventorylevels
Improveservicelevels
Decreaseworkduplication
Improveforecasts
5.【DisadvantagesofSP】
Expensiveadvancedtechnologyisrequired.
Supplier/retailertrustmustbedeveloped.
Supplierresponsibilityincreases.
Expensesatthesupplieroftenincrease.
6.【Whataretheadvantagesof3PL?
】
Focusoncorestrengths
Providestechnologicalflexibility
ProvidesOtherflexibilityingeography,workforcesize,additionalservicesandresourceflexibility
7.【Whatarethedisadvantagesof3PL?
】
Lossofcontrol
3PLemployeesmayinteractwithcustomers
Sharingofconfidentialinfo
Chapter7.ProcurementandOutsourcing
1.【OutsourcingBenefits】
Economiesofscalereducemanufacturingcosts
Riskpooling–demanduncertaintiesaretransferred
Reducecapitalinvestment
Focusoncorecompetency
Increasedflexibility
2.【OutsourcingRisks】
Lossofcompetitiveknowledge
Conflictingobjectives
3.【Reasonsforoutsourcing】
Dependencyoncapacity
Dependencyonknowledge
4.【Productarchitecture】
Modularproducts:
a.Componentsareindependentofeachother
b.Componentsareinterchangeable
c.Standardinterfacesareused
d.AcomponentcanbedesignedorupgradedwithlittleornoregardtootherComponents
e.Customerperformancedeterminestheproductconfiguration
Integralsproducts
a.Notmadefromoff-the-shelfco
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