AnnualReportonDevelopmentofRuleofLawinChina1.docx
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AnnualReportonDevelopmentofRuleofLawinChina1.docx
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AnnualReportonDevelopmentofRuleofLawinChina1
AnnualReportonChina’sLegalDevelopmentUnderRuleofLaw(2009)
TableofContents
Preface
I.OntheWorkofLawmaking
II.OnAdministrationAccordingtotheLaw
III.OntheWorkofTrial,Prosecution,PublicSecurityandJudicialAdministration
IV.OnReforminJudicialSystemandWorkMechanisms
V.OnLegalSupervision
VI.OnGuaranteeingHumanRightsbyLaw
VII.OnProtectionofIntellectualPropertyRight
VIII.OnEnvironmentalLawSystemConstruction
IX.OnDisseminationofLegalKnowledge
X.OnLegalEducationandJurisprudentialStudies
XI.OnInternationalCommunicationsandCooperation
Conclusions
Annex
Preface
2009isthe60thanniversaryofthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Inthepast60years,China’sruleoflawhasexperiencedthreestages:
first,creationduringtheeraofthefoundingofNewChina;second,disastrousdestructionduringtheperiodofthe“CulturalRevolution”;third,innovativedevelopmentafterreformingandopeningup.Through60yearsofstrenuousexploration,theCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)andtheChinesepeoplehaverealizedprofoundlythatabandoningideaoftheruleoflawwillresultindisorderinthiscountrywhilepromotingtheruleoflawwillbringprosperity,andhaveultimatelyfoundthewaytothedevelopmentofruleoflawthatisconsummatetoChina’srealities--theruleoflawinasocialistsocietywithChinesecharacteristics.TheChinesepeoplewillunswervinglygoalongthisway.
2009isthetoughestyearforChina’seconomicdevelopmentsincethenewmillennium,andinthisyearmanytypesofsocialcontradictionshaveemerged.UnderthesolidleadershipoftheCPC,newprogresseswereachievedinthedevelopmentoftheruleoflaw,whichplayedanimportantroleinensuringeconomicdevelopmentinasmoothandrelativelyfastermannerandinmaintainingsocialharmonyandstability.ConstructionofthesocialistlegalsystemwithChinesecharacteristicsmadeadecisivestepforward,andconsiderableaccomplishmentswereachievedinpromotingadministrationaccordingtothelawandinbuildingagovernmentunderruleoflaw;breakthroughprogressesweremadeinthereforminjudicialsystemandworkmechanisms;andtremendousachievementsweremadeinpublicizingChina’slegalaccomplishmentsaswellasinlegaleducationandresearch.China’saccomplishmentsindevelopmentoftheruleoflawin2009onceagainprovethatrunningthecountryaccordingtothelawistheinevitablecoursewhichguaranteesprosperityofthenation,harmonyandstabilityofthesocietyandhappinessofthepeople,guaranteesthePartytoexercisepoweroverthecountry,thestateorganstoadministrateaffairsaccordingtothelaw,thejudiciariestoadjudicateimpartially,andguaranteesthemassesofpeopletoenjoytheirrightsaccordingtothelaw.FirmlyupholdingthefundamentalguidelineofrunningthecountryaccordingtothelawwillcertainlyfurtherbringoutexuberantvitalityandboundlessbeautifulprospectsofthegreatcauseofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.
I.OntheworkofLawmaking
In2009,theStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople’sCongress(NPC)deliberated23draftlawsanddecisionsonrelevantlegalissues,passed12laws,twodecisionsonsortingoutlawsandonedecisiononrelevantlegalissue;theStateCouncilformulated21administrativeregulations;localpeople’scongresseswithlegislativepowerandtheirstandingcommitteesformulatedover600localregulationswhichwerefiledtotheStateCouncilfortherecord.TheymadeenormouscontributionstoguaranteetheformationofasocialistlegalsystemwithChineseCharacteristicsin2010.
1.FormulationandRevisionofImportantLaws
--TortLiabilityLaw.TheTortLiabilityLawisanimportantcivillawsupportingthesocialistlegalsystemwithChineseCharacteristicsandaffectstheimmediateinterestsofthemassesofpeople.ThisLawwaspassedbytheNPCStandingCommitteeatitstwelfthmeetinginDecember2009.ProceedingfromChina’srealitiesandpractice,thisLawspecifies,supplementsandimprovestherelevantbasicsystemsstipulatedintheGeneralPrinciplesofCivilLaw,andexplicitlyestablishesthatChina’stortliabilitysystemadoptstheprincipleofrecognizingbothfaultandnon-faultliability.Itprovidesthatintheeventofmultipledeathsarisingfromthesametort,compensationofequalamountsmaybedetermined;thatforactsoftortthatinfringeonpersonalrightsandinterestsandresultinseriousmentalinjury,theinfringedmayseekcompensationformentalinjury.Itcontainsdetailedprovisionsonmedicaldamage,environmentalpollution,productdefects,internettort,trafficaccidents,damagecausedbyanimals,anddefinescorrespondinglegalliabilityaswellasscopeandstandardforcompensation.
--FoodSafetyLaw.Foodsafetydirectlyinvolvespeople’shealthandsafetyoflife.ThisLawwaspassedbytheNPCStandingCommitteeatitsseventhmeetinginFebruary2009.Inlightofthesituationwhereincompletefoodsafetysystemandrelevantsupervisorysystemfromtimetotimeresultedinfoodsafetyaccidents,thisLawemphasizeson,throughexplicitprovisions,establishmentofascientificmanagementsystembasedonfoodsafetyriskassessment,regulationontheprocessoffoodproductionanddistribution,strengtheningofmanufacturers’anddistributors’liability,improvementoffoodsafetysupervisorysystem,andremediesavailablefortheconsumers.InJulyof2009,theStateCouncilformulatedImplementaryProvisionsonFoodSafetyLawaccordingly,whichfurtherspecifiessomeoftheprovisionsintheFoodsafetyLaw,thusmakingrelevantsystemthereofmorepractical.
--AmendmentVIItotheCriminalLaw.ThisAmendmentwaspassedbytheNPCStandingCommitteeatitsseventhmeetinginFebruary2009.Itimprovesthesystemofconvictionandsentencingwithrespecttosuchcrimesasgraftandbribery,disruptionoftheorderofsocialistmarketeconomy,infringementofcitizens’rights,etc.InthisAmendment,provisionsonthecrimeofextortingandacceptingbribesbytakingadvantageoftheinfluenceofastatefunctionarywereadded,thatis,anyofthecloserelativesofastatefunctionaryoranyotherpersoncloselyrelatedtoastatefunctionary,who,throughthatstatefunctionary’sperformanceofdutiesorbytakingadvantageofthatstatefunctionary’spowerofofficeorposition,seeksillegitimatebenefitsforanentrustingperson,orextortsfromtheentrustingpersonoracceptstheentrustingperson’smoneyorproperty,shallbeprosecutedforcriminalliability;theactofanyemployeeofafinancialinstitutionmakinguseofotherundisclosedinformationthaninsideinformationobtainedbytakingadvantageofhisorherpowerofofficeto,inviolationoftherules,conductstocksorfuturestransactionsrelatedtothatinformation,isacrimeandshallbepursuedforcriminalliability;theactofselling,orillegallyprovidingorobtainingcitizens’personalinformationbythestaffmembersofcertainentities,ifthecircumstancesareserious,isacrimeandshallbepursuedforcriminalresponsibility.Newcrimessuchasorganizationandleadingofillegalpyramidsaleswerealsoadded.
--LawontheProtectionofOffshoreIslands.TheseaareawhichisclaimedunderChina’sjurisdictionreaches3,000,000Sq.Kilometers,andmorethan6,900offshoreislandsareover500Sq.Kilometers.Chinaisacountrywithextensiveseaareaandmanyoffshoreislands.ThisLawwaspassedbytheNPCStandingCommitteeatitstwelfthmeetinginDecember2009.Inlightofthesituationwhereacceleratedeconomicdevelopmentresultedinseriousdestructionoftheecosystemonoffshoreislands,fastdecreaseinthenumberofoffshoreislandsaswellasillegaloccupationanduseofoffshoreislands,thisLawexplicitlyprescribestheprinciplefortheprotectionofoffshoreisland,i.e.,scientificplanning,prioritizedprotection,rationaldevelopmentandsustainableuse;clarifiesthatuninhabitedoffshoreislandsbelongtothestate;regulatesontheoffshoreislandadministrationsystem;establishestheplanningsystemforoffshoreislandprotectionandthesystemsforecosystemprotection,developmentandutilizationaswellasforprotectionsupervisionandinspection;setsupaspecialprotectionsystemfortheoffshoreislandsforspecialuse;andprovidesmorestrictlegalliabilityintheseaspects.
--StatisticsLaw.TheStatisticsLawwasenactedin1983andimportantrevisionsweremadein1996.InDecember2009,theNPCStandingCommitteedeliberatedandadoptedthenewlyreviseddraftStatisticsLawatitstwelfthmeetinginlightofthenewsituationsandnewproblems.Thekeypointsofthisrevisioninclude:
improvingthelegalsystemforindependentinvestigation,reportandsupervisionbystatisticians,aggravatinglegalliabilityforsuchactsasleadingpersonsinterferingwithstatisticalworkwithoutauthorization,statisticalinstitutionsorstatisticiansengaginginfraudanddeception,investigationtargetsprovidinguntruthfulstatisticaldata,etc.,andestablishingstrictreviewandapprovalsystemforcarryingoutstatisticalinvestigationandsystemforprotectingtheinformationofinvestigationtargets.Inordertopreventinterferencewithstatisticalworkbyadministrativemeans,thenewlyrevisedStatisticsLawexplicitlyprovidesthatresponsiblepersonsofthelocalpeople’sgovernmentsatalllevels,statisticsinstitutionsorrelevantdepartmentsofthepeople’sgovernmentsoranyentitiesshallnot,attheirowndiscretion,modifystatisticaldatalegallycollectedandsortedoutbystatisticsinstitutionsandstatisticians.Suchresponsiblepersonsshallnot,byanymeans,requirestati
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