论文Word下载.docx
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论文Word下载.docx
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外国语学院
年级:
09英语教育1班
指导老师:
丁志聪教授
学号:
090201011
姓名:
庄小凤
2012年8月26号
Content
Abstract摘要Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.ConsumerCultureandmodernConsumerCulture----------------6
1.1TheSocialBackgroundofSisterCarrie---------------------------------------6
1.2ModernConsumerCulturesinAmerica---------------------------------------6
2.TheRepresentationofDesireandConsumptioninSisterCarrie
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.1NewCarrie’sProcessofSelf-fulfillment----------------------------------------7
2.1.1StruggleforEstablishingSelfhood-----------------------------------------7
2.1.2ReshapeSelfhoodActively---------------------------------------------------8
3.TheInfluenceofConsumerCulturesinCarrieSister----------------9
Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------12
Acknowledgement--------------------------------------------------------------13
Bibliography---------------------------------------------------------------------14
Abstract
TheodoreDreiserisgenerallyacknowledgedasoneofAmerican’sliterarynaturalists.SisterCarrieisDreiser’sfirstandbest-knownovelpublishedin1900.SincethenthecriticshavebeenstudyingSisterCarriefromvariousperspectives.Whenmostnovelsdealonlywithsmilingandbeautifulaspectsoflife,Dreiseradvocatestruthfulreflectionoflifeinhisfiction.
SisterCarrietellsastoryofgirlthatmanagestocomeoutofpovertyandbecomesrich;
Carriegetsridofthedayswhenshedesperatelywantstobuythingsbuthasnomoney.Finallysheenterstheworldofupperclasswheresheisembracedbymoneyandattention.Sheusedtofightforabetterlife,andthenshegivesupwithdifferentguyscomeintoherlife.Attheendofthenovelshesitsonthechairfeelinghomedandlonely.Thethingsshealwayslooksforwardtohaven’tbroughtherhappinessandsenseofachievement.Shelostherself.TheendingofthestoryisaninevitableresultofCarrie’scharacterandchoices.Sheissoimpulsivethatdesiresleadherastray.Aftergettinginhandeverythingshewants,shebecomesheartlessandforgetful.
Keywords:
consumption,consumercultures,desire
西奥多德莱赛是美国自然主义文学的杰出代表。
《嘉莉妹妹》是在1900年出版的德莱赛的首部而且是最著名的小说。
当时小说创作主要是描写生活中笑盈盈的一面,而德莱赛却如实揭示了美国社会生活的阴暗面。
自从那时评论界就从不同角度对这部作品进行研究。
《嘉莉妹妹》讲述了一个18岁的小女孩如何从怀揣着梦想到一步步误入歧途迷失自我的故事。
她的世界从暗淡无味到最后的光辉灿烂!
她从一贫如洗寄人篱下到享受着金钱所能买到的种种奢侈豪华。
她貌似过着从前梦寐以求的生活。
然而,在这种荣光下面,嘉丽渐渐感到的是一种空虚和寂寞。
这种空虚和寂寞正是她自作自受的最终结果。
她爱慕虚荣,无法自制,为了财富地位而出卖肉体。
她以爱情为幌子不断的高攀,得到一切后,又变得麻木,冷血。
关键词:
消费,消费社会,欲望
Introduction
SisterCarrietellsthestoryoftwocharacters:
CarolineMeeber,anordinarygirlwhorisefromalow-paidwageearnertoahigh-paidactress,andGeorgeHurstwood,amemberoftheuppermiddleclasswhofallsfromhiscomfortablelifestyletoalifeonthestreets.NeitherCarrienorHurstwoodbecomeswhatheisthroughvirtueorvice,butratherthroughrandomcircumstance.Theirsuccessesandfailureshavenomoralvalue;
thisstancemarksSisterCarrieasadeparturefromtheconventionalliteratureoftheperiod.DreisertouchesuponawiderangeofthemesandexperiencesinSisterCarrie,fromgrindingpovertytoupper-middleclasscomfort.Thenoveldwellsonthemomentasitisexperienced;
thecharactersareplungedintothenarrativewithoutthereaderbeingtoldmuch,ifany,ofthehistories.Theiridentitiesareconstantlysubjecttochange,reflectingthemodernAmericanexperiencethathadbeenusheredinbythedevelopingcapitalisteconomy.Intheprocessofthisdevelopment,thousandsofruralAmericansrushedtothecitiestofindjobsandtobuildthemselvesnewlivesandidentities.SisterCarriecapturestheexcitementofthatexperience.
CarolineMeeber,theprotagonistofthenovel,travelstoChicagotostaywithhersisterandherbrother-in-law.ThecosmopolitanconsumerworldofChicagoenthrallsher,andsheconstantlywantstobuythings.Herfirstjobisalow-paid,arduouspositioninafactory.Whenlosesherjob,hersisterandbrother-in-lawcannotsupporther,soshebecomesCharlieDrouet’smistress.Afterward,shebecomesinfatuatedwithanotherman,GeorgeHurstwood.CarrieandHurstwoodruntoNewYork,wheretheydiscoverthatmarriedlifeisfarlessexcitingthantheiraffair.CarrieleavesHurstwoodbecausehefailstoprovideherwiththelavishlifeshewants.
Inthisthesis,thenovelSisterCarrieisgoingtobeplacedinthecontextofconsumercultureandmassiveeffortswillbemadeonthestudiesofconsumerculture.Andtheemphasiswouldbeplacedontwoaspectsofthenovel:
thecontentandtheartistictechniques.Chapteronedealswithabriefintroductionoftheconsumerculture,especiallyinAmericancitiesattheturnofthecentury.Andinthischapterwomen’sspecialstatusintheconsumersocietyisgivenmuchattentionto.ChaptertwoisdevotedtothedemonstrationofthespecificaspectsofconsumerculturereflectedinSisterCarrie.Chapterthreefocusesontheartistictechniquesemployedinthenoveltointensifytheinfluencesofconsumerculture.Intheend,aconclusionisreachedthatDreiserisinfluencedbytheconsumerculturedeeplyandisapttoinfuseitintohiswork.AndthroughthisnovelwecanalsoseeDreiser’searlyattitudetowardtheconsumerculture.Ononehand,heendorsesthedominantculturevalueinaconsumersocietybythedepictionofCarrie’smaterialsuccess.Ontheotherhand,herealizesthathappinessdoesnotnecessarilyaccompanytheconspicuousconsumption.
1,ConsumerCultureandmodernConsumerCulture
1.1TheSocialBackgroundofSisterCarrie
Inearly20thcenturyAmericawitnessesenormouschanges,withitseconomydevelopingfromtheliberalphasetoamonopolizingone.Massproductionconsummatedbythewidelyusedmachinesgeneratedflocksofproletariatswhooccupiedthoseworstslumswhicharefullofsmoke,odorandwasteofsewage.Beingassignedtowritemanyreportsofslum,TheodoreDreiserwasgreatlyshockedandsorryforthepoorwhoistryingtomakefunandmakealivinginthosevillainousfilthyplaces.Theunderprivilegedactuallywasdiligenteverymorningandeveningtoworkforsurvival.
Theacceleratingindustrializingprocess,theemphasisuponproductiveforce,efficiencyandthenewphilosophyoflifebaseduponsciencecreatetheeconomic,socialandculturaltransformationofthecountry.Thegapbetweenthepoorandtherichisenlarged.Thepoorincityleadalifeofinsecurity,sufferingandviolence.Undersuchanenvironment,newideasandaboutmanandman’splaceintheuniversebeginstakerootinAmerica.Livinginacoldandindifferentworld,manisnolongerfreeinanysenseoftheworld.Heiscompletelythrownuponhimselfforsurvival.Godisnolongerwarandamiabletoeveryone;
andthedreamthatmancouldhopetocountondivinehelpandtheguidanceisshatteredandirretrievablylost.Lifebecomesastruggleforsurvival.
Inadditiontoitsinfluenceonpeople’sideas,industrializationalsoleadstocityboomandresultsinimmigrationmovementfromtheruralareatotheurbanarea.Theimmigrationmovementwitnessedthetransformationofeconomicpatternfromagriculturaltoindustrialone.Duetothechangeinthefields,Victorianvaluescherishedbypeople,especiallybywoman,suchaspure,devoted,submissive,andhardworking,arecollapsed.Thenewvaluesholdingbymostpeoplearetoconsume.InSisterCarrie,thisshiftisvisiblefromtheearlychapters,whenCarrierejectsthefrugalityandhardworkingfavoredbyhersister,Minnie,theexampleofVictorianvalues.
1.2ModernConsumerCulturesinAmerica
FromthefoundingoftheU.S.totheearlynineteenthcentury,theUnitedStateshadbeenmainlyanagriculturalcountryandtheindividualfamilieswereatthecenterofmaterialproduction.Duringthisstage,individualfamiliesconsumedmostlywhattheycouldproducebythemselvesandthelivingstandardoftheAmericanswaslow.Becauseoftheprevalenceofreligionandthetraditionalvalues,women’ssocialstationatthattimewasveryhumbleandtheywerenotabletobeinvolvedinconsumption.Drivenbythewestwardmovementinthemiddleofthe19thcenturyandtheAmericancivilwarduringthe1860s,especiallythesecondindustrialrevolution,Americaneconomyhadundergonegreatdevelopmentbytheendofthe19thcentury.Inthe1880s,theAmericangrossvalueofindustrialoutputwasthegreatestintheworld,occupying30%oftheworld’speople.Duringthisperiod,theAmericanrailwayhadalsoundergonesorapiddevelopmentthatin1850theoveralllengthoftheAmericanrailwayamountedto9,021miles.“TheAmericaneconomyhasbeenreadyforaleap.”OnMay1,1881,thefamousstrikebrokeoutinChicagoandthestrikersdemandedworkingforonlyeighthours.DuetothedevelopmentofAmericaneconomyandtheincreaseoftheincome,theworkinghoursbegantodecreaseandleisuretimeincreased.Thesesocialchangeshavecreatedthenecessaryconditionfortheemergenceofconsumersociety.AsJiangDaochaohaspointedout,Americansocietyhasshiftedfroma“productivesociety”toa“consumersociety”attheendofthenineteenthcentury.
2.1NewCarrie’sProcessofSelf-fulfillment
2.1.1StruggleforEstablishingSelfhood
Carrie’sinitialself-fulfillmentismainlyaboutthebasicphysiologicalneeds.Firstofall,whenacountrygirlleavesherhomeateighteen,shemustgrowupquicklyandsheneedsfood,clothe
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