APA正文格式样例.doc
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APA正文格式样例.doc
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1.Introduction正文中的一级标题用14号timesNewRoman加粗,标题在某一页的开始,段前就不再另外空行,只段后一行即可。
所有标题左对齐
APA格式:
每级标题下的正文第二段开始,以后每段都缩进五个字符。
APA格式:
每级标题下的正文首段不缩进
Idiomsarethoughtofasthecoreandessenceoflanguageandculture.Anylanguagewhichhasalonghistoryisabundantinidioms.ManyofthewordsoftencontainenoughphilosophicalandincisivetheoriesforpeopletostudyandtheybecomeanimportantpartofmodernEnglish(Zhang,2009,p.8).Forexample:
“Asamansows,soheshallreap”canbetranslatedinto“种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆”,“Tostrikewhiletheironishot”istranslatedas“趁热打铁”,“Alongroadtestsahorse’sstrengthandalongtaskprovesaman’sheart”canbetranslatedinto“路遥知马力,日久见人心”.Nowadays,withtheprosperingofinternationalcommunication,theactivityofidiomtranslationhasbecomeespeciallyfrequentandimportant.However,idiomsarestronglycombinedwithspecificculture,whichoftenleadstogreatdifficultyintranslation.Thus,studyingtherelationsbetweenidiomsandafewimportantculturalaspectssuchashistoricalbackgrounds,geographicalconditions,socialcustoms,religiousbeliefs,etc.willhelpustounderstandtheculturalelementsinidioms.
正文中的一级标题用14号timesNewRoman加粗,段前两行,段后一行。
所有标题左对齐。
正文中所有标题中只有第一个词的首字母,冒号和破折号后第一个词的首字母,及专有名词必须大写,其余小写
全部正文内容使用word1.5倍行距,12号TimesNewRoman从引言那页开始标页码,页码居中对齐。
Sincecultureplayssoimportantaroleininterculturalcommunication,theculturalfactorsindifferentlanguageshavebeenattractingmoreandmoreattentionoflinguisticscholars.Inordertomakeinterculturalcommunicationmoresuccessful,manyscholarshavebecomeinterestedinthestudyofculturalsimilaritiesanddifferencesencodedindifferentlanguages.Thestudyofculturalfactorsindifferentlanguagesisofsignificanceininterculturalcommunicationaswellasotherdisciplinessuchaslinguistics,languageacquisition,etc.
ThispaperwillexpoundtheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishidiomsandexploretheroleofcultureplaysinunderstandingofidioms.
2.Thecultural正文中的一级标题用14号timesNewRoman加粗,上空两行下空一行,即段前两行,段后一行。
所有标题左对齐。
MLA格式中,每个标题里每个实义词首字母大写
backgroundsinidioms
Idiomsasaspecialformoflanguagecarryalargeamountofculturalinformation.Theyaretheheritageofhistoryandtheproductofculturalevolvement.Generallyspeaking,Idioms二级标题及以下标题使用12号timesNewRoman加粗,段前一行,然后回车正常行距书写正文。
comefromsociety,cultureandhistory;theyareincludedineverythingandrelatedtosociety’slifeandplayanimportantroleinculture.
2.1Thedefinitionofculture
正文不出现作者姓,则在括号中,作者姓,年份,p.页数
Cultureisalargeandextremelycomplexconcept.Someforeignscholarsestimatethatnolessthan200definitionsfor“culture”havealreadybeencitedintheacademicfield,someofwhichareconcernedwiththematerialproductsofthepeople;othersdealwiththosespiritualaspectssharedbypeoplelivingincertaincommunities;stillothersfocusbothonbeliefsandpracticesofasociety.Hedefines,“cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,customandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety”(Luo,2005,p.27).
正文出现作者姓,括号中写(年份,p.页码)或(年份,pp.起止页码)
ChinesescholarKe(2000,pp.142-143)statesinhisarticleCulturalPesuppositionsandMisreading“thatmostanthropologistsagreeonthefollowingfeaturesofculture:
1)Cultureissociallyacquiredinsteadofbiologicallytransmitted.2)Cultureissharedamongthemembersofacommunityinsteadofbeinguniquetoanindividual.3)Cultureissymbolic.Symbolizingmeansassigningtoentitiesandeventsmeaningswhichareexternaltothemandnotabletobegraspedbythemselvesalone.Languageisthemosttypicalsymbolicsystemwithinculture;4)Cultureisintegrated.Eachaspectofcultureistiedinwiththeotheraspects”.
2.2Thedefinitionofidiom
Idiomsarethecrystallizationoflanguage.Withoutidioms,ourlanguagewouldbecomedullanddry,whereasanappropriateuseoftheminourspeechandwritingwilladdtothestrengthandvividnessofourlanguage.以后内容已省略.......
ThedefinitionofidiominTheOxfordEnglishDictionaryisthatidiomisaformofexpression,grammaticalconstruction,phrase,etc,peculiartoalanguage;apeculiarityofphraseologyapprovedbytheusageofalanguage,andoftenhavingasignificationotherthanitsgrammaticalorlogicalone(2004,p.873).
ThesedefinitionsindicatethatsomeEnglishidiomsarecomposedofseveralwords(fromtwowordstomanywords)andsomeareevenmadeofacompletesentence.Therefore,Englishidioms,inabroadsense,mayincludeidiomaticphrases,proverbialsayings,andsomeslangexpressions(Yu&Guo,1999,p.170).括号中两个作者中间加&
2.3Therelationshipbetweenidiomandculture
Languageiscloselyrelatedtocultureandcanbesaidasapartofculture.Fromadynamicview,languageandcultureinteractwitheachotherandshapeeachother.Languageisthecarrierofculture,whichinturnisthecontentoflanguage.
Idiomshavetheirownculturalintention.Learningidiomswithoutconsideringtheculturalfactorswillbefutileandevenmisunderstanding,sincewecannotgettheexactinformationitconveys.以后内容已省略.......
间接引用格式如下:
Oneresearcher(Grayson,ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.
在找不到作者原书无法进行直接引用时,可间接引用。
如Grayson的原书找不到,但是Murzynski&Degelman在他们书中引用过,则可以在括号中标出(原作者,ascitedin后再写引用过原作者话的作者名字(即Murzynski&Degelman),年份,p.页码)即可,在文章最后的参考文献中要写你能找到书的学者名字,即Murzynski&Degelman。
一级标题(如3.)和二级标题(如3.1)后可以是一段内容,但至少三行。
三级标题(如3.1.1)后至少两段内容。
每级标题之间必须有内容
3.TheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseidioms
Asanessentialpartofthelanguageandculture,idiomsarecharacterizedbytheirconciseexpressions,richandvivid,involvinggeography,history,religiousbelief,livingconventionsandsoon.
3.1Fromlivingsurroundings
Cultureisacomplicatedsystemofknowledge,beliefsandcustoms,etc.However,naturalenvironmentincludinggeographicalposition,climate,andecologicalconditionissomethingthatplaysacontributoryroleintheformationofaculture.Idiomsmaintainclosetieswithpeople’slivingsurroundingsandtheculturewheretheyarecreated.
3.1.1Geographicalenvironment
Idiomsarecloselyrelatedtopeople’slaborandlife,peopleinparticularcultureneedwordstonameandexplainobjectsintheirculture(Zhang,1997,p.45).Britainisanislandcountry.Itsnavigationwasintheleadinhistory(Zhang,1999,p.67).
按APA规范,同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别,如:
Ontheotherhand,ChinesepeopleliveintheAsiancontinent.Mostpeoplecan’tleadtheirliveswithoutland.以后内容已省略.........
3.1.2Climate
Climateisanotherfactorinthelivingsurrounding.InBritain,“eastwind”comesfromthenorthernpartoftheEuropeancontinent.Itsymbolizes“chilly”and“unpleasant”.SoEnglishmenhateit.However,Englishmenlike“westwind”.ItbringsspringtoBritain.ThewestwindblowsfromtheAtlanticOceanaswarmasChineseeastwindandbringsvoluminousraintothisarea.
Inaword,differentlivingsurroundingsmayproducedifferentidiomsanddifferentcultures.
APA格式中3到5个作者的作品,引用格式如下:
第一次引用:
Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity(Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995).
以后的引用,不用每个姓都写,只第一个就可
Tobesuccessful,“communitiesmustbewillingtotakethisresponsibility”(Franklinetal.,1995,p.135).
3.2Fromreligiousbelief后几段已省略。
本页只为说明论文的结构,故省略了其中很多段落。
Asaculturalphenomenon,religiousbeliefsproduceanimpactonpeople’slifeandmind.Differentreligiousbeliefshavedifferentreflectionsindifferentidioms.
MostofwesternersareChristians,whobelievethattheworldiscreatedbyGod.TheythinkthatGodisomnipotentandsacred.以后内容已省略.......AndmanyphrasesandstoriesintheHolyBiblehavealsofunctionalasimportantsourcesofEnglishidioms.
e.g:
(1)Astheysow,sotheyreap.种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆.(Galatians6)
PaulwroteinhislettertoGalatiansthat,“Donotbedeceived:
Godcannotbemocked.Amanreapswhathesows.”
(2)Judas’skiss.犹大之吻(Matthew26)
Judas,oneoftheTwelve,agreestobetrayJesusthatthechiefPriestscountedoutforhimonlythirtysilvercoins.
(3)thesaltoftheearth社会中坚(Matthew5)
ThisidiomcomesfromtheBible.以后内容已省略.......
3.3Fromcustom
Everynationhasitsowncustoms.Onenation’scustomisformedthroughalonghistoryandfirmlyrootedinpeople’smind.CustomdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseareinmanyaspects.Duetothat,alotofidiomsturnoutwithvarieddress.
AmongEnglishidioms,weoftencomparepeople’sactiontothefigureofdogsuchas“youarealuckydog”(你是一个幸运儿),“everydoghashisday”(凡人皆有得意日),“loveme,lovemydog”(爱屋及乌),“Agooddogdeservesagoodbone.”(有功者受赏)andsoon.Contrarytothis,thedogisakindofpettyandlowanimalinChinese.
3.4Fromvalueorientation
Frompeople’sworkingandlivingexperienceofonecountry,differentvalueshavebeenabstracted,accumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Becauseofdifferentexperiencebetweencountries,valuesoriginatefromitalsoturnsouttobelargelyvariedandeventotallyopposite,whichidiomsarebuilton,thereforealsodiffergreatly.Takepraiseforexample.Praiseisameanstogetaharmoniousinterpersonalship,andfrequentlyusedincommunication.
3.4.1Modesty
Britainasadevelopedcapitalistcountryiscoveredwithfiercesocialcompetitionsothatpeopleinthereemphasizeindividualbehaviors,achievement,andvalue.TheirvalueorientationsappeartobeincontrastwithChineseinthisaspect.
Onthecontrary,Chinesepeopleoftenmakeself-negationtoshowmodesty.The
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