美国文学期末复习资料第二学期Word下载.docx
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美国文学期末复习资料第二学期Word下载.docx
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(1)代表作:
SisterCarrie《嘉莉妹妹》thefirstnovel,whichtracesthematerialriseofCarrieMeeberandthetragicdeclineofG.W.Hurstwood.
内容:
SisterCarrieisanoutstandingrepresentativeofAmericanNaturalismbyTheodoreDreiser.IttellsastoryaboutayoungcountrygirlwhomovestothebigcitywhereshestartsrealizingherownAmericanDreambyfirstbecomingamistresstomenthatsheperceivesassuperiorandlaterasafamousactress.
评价:
Withapainstakingdocumentationofdetail,DreiserportraysthreedifferentworldsinwhichSisterCarriemovesandwhichbetweenthemofferapanoramicviewofthecrudeandthesavageaspectsofsociallifeattheturnofthetwentiethcentury.DreiseremployednaturalisminSisterCarrie.Hebelievesthatman’sbehaviorisdominatedbyinstincts(desires,needsandfear)andenvironments(citiesandconsumerism).Inthisnovel,themaincharactersaredrivenbythedesirethattheyarenotabletocontrol.
(2)Anautobiography—AnAmericanTragedy《美国悲剧》,TheidentificationofpotencywithmoneyisattheheartofDreiser’sgreatestandmostsuccessfulnovel
其他作品:
TheFinancier、TheTitan、TheStoic—TrilogyofDesire(Cowperwoodtrilogy)
DreiserlooksatRussia、TragicAmerica、TheGenius、TheBulwark
(3)Dreiser’sstyle:
HisworksarepowerfulintheirportrayalofthechangingAmericanlife,buthisstyleisconsideredcrude.Althoughhisnovelsareformlessattimesandawkwardlywritten,andhischaracterizationisfounddeficientandhisprosepedestriananddull,yethisveryenergyprovestobemorethanacompensation.Dreiser’sstoriesarealwayssolidandintenselyinterestingwiththeirsimplebuthighlymovingcharacters.Heisgoodatemployingthejournalisticmethodofreiterationtoburnacentralimpressionintothereader’smind.
Imagism(意向主义)
(1)ImagismcameintobeinginBritainandUSaround1910asareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetrytoexpressthesenseoffragmentationanddislocation.
(2)TheImagists,withEzraPoundleadingtheway,holdthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthesemomentaryimpressionsisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.
(3)Imagismischaracterizedbythefollowingthreepoeticprinciples:
i)directtreatmentofsubjectmatter;
ii)economyofexpression;
iii)asregardsrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofmetronome;
iv)EzraPound’sInaStationoftheMetroisawell-knownimagistpoem.
●EzraPound(爱兹拉·
庞德)
EzraPound’smaincontributiontoAmericanliterature
Ezrapoundisregarded,andrightly,asthefatherofmodernAmericanpoetry.Impatientwiththefetters(束缚)ofEnglishtraditionalpoetics,heledtheexperimentinrevolutionizingpoetry.ItwashewhofirstdiscoveredT.S.Eliotandblue-penciledthelatter’sfamouspoem,TheWasteLand.ItwashewhohelpedWilliamButlerYeats,JamesJoyce,D.H.Lawrence,andWilliamcarolsWilliamsintheirliterarycareers.Andhesurvivedthemall,writingcontinuallyrightuptohisdeath.Pound’scontributiontothedevelopmentofmodernpoetryisverygreat.
Ø
PoundowesheavilytoHomer.HisherohasalwaysbeenanOdysseusfigure.Andhismajorpoemsoftentaketheformofavoyage.ThegreatestculturalinfluenceoverPoundcameperhapsfromancientChina.ThebestpoemthatPoundeverwroteisprobablyhistwo-partHughSelwynMauberley《休·
塞尔温·
莫伯利》.HughSelwynMauberleyisapoemaboutthecommercializationanddebasementofart,aboutthefeelingoffrustrationandfailureonthepartoftheartist,andaboutthepoethimselfwho,unhappywiththestateofart,triestoreviveitasmuchashecan.
(1)Cathay(1915)《中国》avolumeofChinesetranslationwhichintimegrewintoasprawlingcolossusofamodernepic.
(2)Cantos《诗章》:
IthasbeencalledPound’sintellectualdiarysince1915.ItisamodernepicandPound’smajorworkofpoetry.Containingatotalof117poems,itissocialhistory,anamalgamofdiverseculturesandlanguages,apoet’sattempttoimpose,throughart,orderandmeaninguponachaoticandmeaninglessworld.TheworldofCantosischeerlessandsomber.AmajorthematicconcernoftheCantosisthetreatmentofusury(高利贷)which,inPound’seyes,likeabeastwithahundredlegs,blastslight,lifeandloveoutofexistence.
诗:
InaStationoftheMetro《在地铁站》
Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;
这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪现;
Petalsonawet,blackbough.湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。
Appreciationandcomment:
In“InaStationoftheMetro”PoundattemptstoproducetheemotionhefeltwhenhewalkeddownintoaParissubwaystationandsuddenlysawanumberoffacesinthedimlight.Tocapturetheemotion,Poundusestheimageofpetalsonawet,blackbough.Theimageof“petals”isjuxtaposedwithanotherimageof“wet,blackbough.”Theimageisnotdecoration:
Itiscentraltothepoem’smeaning.Infact,itisthepoem’smeaning.
●T.S.Eliot(T.S.艾略特)poet/playwright/literarycritic
TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock《杰·
阿尔弗雷德·
普鲁弗洛克的情歌》—started1915—isseenasamasterpieceoftheModernistmovement,apoemwithanotablemodernemotionalcoloring.Itdepictsatimidmiddle-agedmangoingtoproposemarriagetoaladybuthesitatingallthewaythere.Thepoemdevelopsathemeoffrustrationandemotionalconflict.Eliot’spoetrywasnotedforitsfreshvisualimagery,itsflexibletoneandhighlyexpressiverhythm.
TheWasteLand《荒原》
In1922,EliotpublishedTheWasteLand《荒原》inTheCriterion《标准》whichwasthoughtasthemostsignificantAmericanpoemofthe20thcenturyandhelpedtoestablishamoderntraditionofliteraturerichwithlearningandallusivethought.Thepoemissubdividedintofivesections:
I.TheBurialoftheDeadII.AGameofChessIII.TheFireSermonIV.DeathbywaterV.WhattheThunderSaid
Oneofthemajorfeaturesofthepoemisincidentallythatsexualfailureconnotes(暗示着)spiritualdebilitation(乏力).Thispoemissubdividedintodifferentsections,notformallyconnected,butallsubsumedintoathematicwhole.Throughgaps,absenceofconnectivetissues,anddiscordantjuxtapositions,thepoetintendsthereadertoseeandfeelthefragmentarynatureoflife.TheWasteLandrevealsitsauthor’sstronghistoricalsense.Itoncewasthepoemofdespair.However,aswereadalong,wewillfindthatthepoemmoves,throughrecurrentremindersofthemodernwasteland,towardahopeofregenerationandbuildstowardthepossibilityofrestoringorderandlife.Thereisanunderlyingdesireonthepartofthepoettohelpcreateorderandsenseoutofadisorderlyandsenselessexistence.
TheHollowMen《空心人》(1925)AshWednesday《圣灰星期三》(1927)FourQuartets《四个四重奏》(1943):
EliotregardedFourQuartetsashismasterpiece,anditistheworkthatledtohisbeingawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature(1948).
Eliotalsomadesignificantcontributionstothefieldofliterarycriticism,stronglyinfluencingtheschoolofNewCriticism.Thebasicthemesofhiscriticismconcernedtherelationshipbetweentraditionandindividualtalent,andbetweenthepast,present,andthefuture.Hisfamousdoctrineonpoetsandpoetryisknownasthe“impersonaltheory”,orthetheoryofimpersonalityandobjectivity.Anotherthingthatthistheorytriestofocusonistherelationofthepoemtoitsauthor.
In1920T.S.EliotpublishedhisTheSacredWood《圣林》containinghisfamouscriticalessay"
TraditionandtheIndividualTalent"
《传统与个人才能》whichshowsthattoEliotthepastisofgreatsignificancetowriters.
③作品特点:
(1)concernsvariousaspectsofthefrustrationandenfeeblementofindividualcharacterasseeninperspectivewiththedecayofstates,peoples,andreligiousfaith.触及人性中的软弱沮丧的弱点,正确思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失。
(2)poemconceivedasamadeobject,anorganicthinginitself,whoseconcreteelementsaretruecorrelativesoftheartist’simaginationandexperiencewithrespecttothatpoem.诗歌是客观成型的东西,诗歌的具体元素与艺术家的想象和经历密切相关,也与诗歌相一致。
(3)Thedegreetowhichfusionandconcentrationofintellect,feeling,andexperiencewereachievedwasEliot’scriterionforjudgingthepoem.知识、情感、体验的融合与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准。
●WallaceStevens(华莱士史蒂文斯)
(1879–1955)
Hisworkisprimarilymotivatedbythebeliefthatideasoforder,thatis,trueideas,correspondwithaninnateorderinnatureanduniverse,andthatitisthehighprivilegeofindividualsandmankindtodiscoverthiscorrespondence.作品动机起源于秩序理念,他的秩序就是真理,就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序,是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。
代表作:
TheManwiththeBlueGuitar《带蓝吉他的人》;
NecessaryAngel《必要的天使》,collectionofhisoccasionallecturesonpoetry诗歌的评论.AnecdoteoftheJar《坛子的轶事》
特点:
(1)Headoptedavarietyofexperimentalstyles,createdpoeticsurfacesofFrenchifiedelegance,exoticimagery,oddsounds,curiousanalogies,andinscrutabletitles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。
(2)Heconfrontedthecontemporaryabandonmentoftraditionalvaluesandsoughttocometotermswiththeconfusionsofhistime.Theproblemoftheinterrelationbetweentheidealandtherealbecameaconstantthemeinhislaterpoetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。
(3)aseriesofoppositionsbetweeninnerandouterworlds–betweensubjectandobject,perceiverandperceived,fictionandfact,imaginationandreality(想象与现实)
Hewasan
American
Modernist
poetandwonthe
PulitzerPrize
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