从修辞角度论间接言语行为在 英语言语交际中的运用 英语论文文档格式.docx
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从修辞角度论间接言语行为在 英语言语交际中的运用 英语论文文档格式.docx
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OntheApplicationofIndirectSpeechActinEnglishVerbalCommunication
ontheBasisofRhetoricalDevices
OntheApplicationofIndirectSpeechActin
EnglishVerbalCommunicationontheBasisofRhetoricalDevices
Abstract
Communicationplaysasignificantroleinpeople’sdailylife.Throughcommunication,peoplecouldexpresstheiropinionsandunderstandothers’needs.Goodcommunicationisconducivenotonlytopresentviewpointsproperlybutalsotoimproveinterpersonalrelationships.Inadditiontodirectspeech,indirectspeechisanotherindispensablepartofcommunication.Inordertocommunicatebetter,peopleneedtoknowsomebasicknowledgeaboutit.So,thispaperanalyzestheapplicationofindirectspeechinEnglishverbalcommunicationonthebasisofrhetoricaldevice.Inthefirstpart,theauthorgivesabriefintroductiontothespeechacttheoryandtheindirectspeechact.Inthesecondpart,theauthorelaboratesontheapplicationofindirectspeech,includingitsclassificationsandmotivations.Inthethirdpart,theauthorprobesintotypesofrhetoricaldeviceusedinindirectspeech.Therearethreetypesaccordingtotheirfunctions,whicharepoliteness,vividness,andexpressiveness.Inthelastpart,theauthormovesontoanaturalconclusion.
Keywords:
indirectspeechact;
Englishverbalcommunication;
rhetoricaldevices
Outline
ThesisStatement:
ThispaperdiscussestheapplicationofindirectspeechactinEnglishverbalcommunicationfromtheperspectiveofrhetoricaldevices.
I.Introduction
II.TheApplicationofIndirectSpeechAct
A.TheClassificationsofIndirectSpeech
1.TheConventionalIndirectSpeechAct
2.TheNon-conventionalIndirectSpeechAct
B.TheMotivationsofUsingIndirectSpeechAct
1.ToBePolite
2.ToMakeRequests
3.ToExpressRefusalsImplicitly
III.TypesofRhetoricalDevicesUsedinIndirectSpeechAct
A.Politeness
B.Vividness
1.Metaphor
2.Metonymy
C.Expressiveness
1.Hyperbole
2.Pun
3.Irony
IV.Conclusion
Themainfunctionoflanguageiscommunication.Itnotonlyincludestheaccurateunderstanding,butalsotheappropriateexpression.IndirectspeechisoneaspectofEnglishverbalcommunicationwhichmeans“saysomethingindirectly”.Theotheroneisdirectspeechwhichmeans“callaspadeaspade”.Justlikedirectspeech,indirectspeechisalsoacommonphenomenoninpeople’sdailycommunication.
SpeechActTheorywasputforwardbyJohnAustinin1950s.ItisanimportantpartinthestudyofpragmaticswhichincludesLocutionaryAct,IllocutionaryActandPerlocutionaryAct.ItisthetheoreticalbasisoftheIndirectSpeechActwhichwaspresentedbyJohnSearle.Searleclaimedthat“Oneillocutionaryactisperformedindirectlybywayofperforminganother.”1Healsoproposedthenotionsofprimaryandsecondaryillocutionaryact.Theprimaryillocutionaryactistheindirectactandthesecondaryillocutionaryactisthedirectone.Forexample,“Couldyouclosethewindow?
”Thesurfaceformofthissentenceisaquestion.Infact,thespeakerdoesn’taskwhetherthelistenerhastheabilitytoclosethewindowornot,whileexpressinghisintentionwhichisarequest.
Whethertheapplicationofindirectspeechactissuccessfulornothasanimportantimpactonpeople’scommunication.Forexample,inacertaincontext,whensomeoneasks“Whatdoyouthinkofmynewbag?
”,theanswer“I’mafraiditdoesnotsuityou”willbemuchmoreproperandpolitethan“It’sugly”.Basedontheimportanceofindirectspeech,itisnecessarytograspsomebasicknowledgeofit.Anditiswidelyacknowledgedthat,rhetoricaldevicesareasignificantpartoftheapplicationofindirectspeech,thusthispaperwillprobeintothistopicthroughthe
viewpointofrhetoricaldevices.
Insocialintercourse,thecoreofcommunicationisappropriateness.Thustheapplicationofindirectspeechactisauniversalphenomenon.Thischapterwilldiscusstheclassificationsofindirectspeechactandthemotivationsofusingindirectspeechact.
A.TheClassificationsofIndirectSpeechAct
Indirectspeechacttheorytriestosolvetheproblemofhowtofigureoutimpliedmeaningofconversation,thatispragmaticmeaning,throughliteralmeaning.Thisproblemcanbeexplainedbythefollowingclassificationofindirectspeechacts.2Onthebasisofsentencestructureorcontext,indirectspeechactcouldbeclassifiedintoconventionalindirectspeechactandnon-conventionalspeechact.
1.TheConventionalIndirectSpeechAct
Theconventionalindirectspeechactmeanstheindirectspeechactthatcanbeinferredfromtheliteralmeaning.Inotherwords,thelistenercoulddeducetheimplicitmeaningaccordingtothesentencestructure.Hencethisactcanberegardedasasortofhabitualusage.Thereasonthatpeopleuseitisoutoftherespecttothelistener.Andtosomeextent,itsmainfeatureisthattheillocutionaryforceisfixedinastandardformatandithasbeenuniversallyaccepted.Forexample:
(1)Couldyoupassmethepaper?
(2)Iwouldappreciateifyoucouldclosethewindow.
(3)Wouldyoumindturningoffthelight?
Thesesentencesarejusttwoquestionsandonestatementliterally,butaccordingtotheconventions,theillocutionaryforceisgivinginstructions,becausethemarkedword“please”canbeputinthesesentenceswhichindicatethe
politeness.
2.TheNon-conventionalIndirectSpeechAct
Thenon-conventionalindirectspeechactismorecomplicatedandflexiblethantheconventionalindirectspeech.Theformerismainlydependingonthecontextwhilethelatterismainlydependingonthelinguisticforms.Thelistenerdeducestheillocutionaryforcelargelyonthebasisofthemutualbackgroundinformation.Andmaybeanidenticalsentencehasdifferentillocutionaryforceindifferentcontext.Forexample,awomansays“theflowerisbeautiful”toaman.
(1)Itcanbeusedtoexpressherfavortotheflower.
(2)Itcanbeusedtosuggestthemanthatheshouldbuyitforher.
(3)Itcanbeusedtoremindthemanthatshewillbuyitforhermother.
Thereforepeopleneedtopayextraordinaryattentiontothiskindofspeechactindailycommunicationandgiveaproperreplybasedonthespecificcircumstances.
B.TheMotivationsofUsingIndirectSpeechAct
Althoughthemotivationoftheapplicationofindirectspeechactisdifferentindifferentcircumstances,themainmotivationscanbeclassifiedasfollows:
1.ToBePolite
Notallpolitenessisaboutlanguage,butlanguageisthemainmeansfortheexpressionofpoliteness.Theessenceofpolitenessisrelatedtothe“face”issue,anditiseverywhereinsocialcommunication.
TheFaceTheoryisputforwardbyBrownandLevinsonin1978.AccordingtoGoffman’sexplanation,the“face”isrelatedtosomeemotionalconcepts,suchas“embarrassed”,“humiliated”or“losingface”.Therefore,BrownandLevinsonheldaviewthatpeopleshouldkeep
others’faceiftheywanttocooperatewiththemsuccessfully.Andthebestwaytokeepothers’faceisusingpolitelanguage.BasedonGrice’sCooperativePrinciple,Leechproposedanotherpragmaticprinciple—PolitenessPrinciple.3
Theusingofinappropriatewordsmaycausemisunderstandings,andevengiverisetothefailureofcommunicationinsocialintercourse.Hencethepolitenessisindeedasignificantprincipleforsuccessfulcommunication.Forexample:
A:
Howdoyoulikemyskirt?
B:
I’mafraidIhavenoeyestoappreciatebeauty.
ItseemsthatBgivesanirrelevantanswer,butit’ssorudetosay“Idon’tlikeitatall”directly,sohetriestosayinanimpliedway.
Whereisyoursister?
She’seitherintheclassroomorintheplayground.
Bcan’ttellexactlywherehissisteris,butoutofpoliteness,hesaysopaquelytoavoidlettingAdown.
2.ToMakeRequests
Whenpeoplewantsomeoneelsetodothemafavor,theimperativesentenceisquitestiffandunacceptable,andothersmayfeelundesirableevenoffensive.Buttheuseofindirectspeechcouldmakethetonemoremildandcourteous.Forexample:
(1)Iorderyoutoturnoffthetelevision.
(2)Turnoffthetelevision.
(3)Iwantyoutoturnoffthetelevision.
(4)Willyouturnoffthetelevision?
(5)Canyouturnoffthetelevision?
(6)Wouldyouturnoffthetelevision?
(7)Wouldyoumindturningoffthetelevision?
Thefirstexampleisthemostdirectone.Infact,it’sanimpoliteorderrather
thanamannerlyrequest.Butthelastsentenceisquiteopposite.It’snotonlycourteous,butalsorespectful.Eventhoughtheessenceofthissentenceisanorder,itmakesthelistenerdoitwillingly.Soitcouldbesaidthatconvertinganimperativesentencetoaninterrogativesentenceisanexcellentwaytomakerequestsmoreindirect.Besidesthis,peopletendtosoundoutothers’response.Forexample:
Excuseme,doyouhaveanEnglishdictionary?
Yes.
Couldyoulendittome?
Sure.
Thespeakerasksthelistenerwhetherhehasthedictionaryornotbeforehemakeshisrequest.Andwhenhegetstheaffirmativereply,hethenpostshisrequest.Bythisway,thespeakernotonlygainshisends,butshowshiscourtesytothelistener.
3.ToExpressRefusalsImplicitly
Sometimes,peoplehavetorefuseothers’requestswhicharebeyondtheirabilityortheirwillingness.Butwhentheyexpresstheirrefusals,theysh
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