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AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences
Abstract
ThispaperreportsaparametricallyamplifiedMEMSrategyroscope.ApracticalparametricexcitationschemeimplementedusingDigitalSignalProcessing(DSP)hasbeendevelopedtoenableeitheramplificationoftheprimarymodeofthegyroscopeoramplificationoftheresponsetotheappliedangularvelocity.Theprimaryobjectiveofthisworkistoimprovethescale-factorandthesignaltonoiseperformanceofthegyroscope.ParametricamplificationoftheprimarymodeofthegyroscopeisachievedbyfrequencytrackingandregulationoftheamplitudesoftheharmonicforcingandparametricexcitationtomaintainadesiredparametricgainbyclosedloopPIDcontrol.Stableparametricamplificationoftheprimarymodebyafactorof20isdemonstratedexperimentally.Thishasimportantbenefitsregardingtheminimisationofelectricalfeedthroughofthedrivesignaltothesenseelectrodesofthesecondarymode.BytakingadvantageofthephasedependenceofparametricamplificationandtheorthogonalityoftheCoriolisforceandquadratureforcing,theresponsetotheappliedangularvelocitymaybeparametricallyamplifiedbyapplyingexcitationofaparticularphasedirectlytothesensingmode.ThemajoradvantageofparametricamplificationappliedtoMEMSgyroscopesisthatitcanmechanicallyamplifytheCoriolisresponsebeforebeingpickedoffelectrically.Thisisparticularlyadvantageousforsensorswhereelectronicnoiseisthemajornoisecontributor.Inthiscaseparametricamplificationcansignificantlyimprovethesignaltonoiseratioofthesecondarymodebyanamountapproximatelyequaltotheparametricamplification.Preliminaryratetabletestsperformedinopenloopdemonstrateamagnificationofthesignaltonoiseratioofthesecondarymodebyafactorof9.5andthescale-factorby11.TheexcitationandcontrolschemehavebeenimplementeddigitallyusingaDSPdevelopmentboardenablingveryhighsamplingprecisionandexecutionspeednecessaryforgyroscopicapplications.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Devicedescriptionandfrequencyresponse
3.Parametricexcitationandamplification
3.1.Parametricamplificationoftheprimarymode
3.2.Parametricamplificationofthesecondarymode
3.3.AmplificationofthesignaltonoiseratiooftheCoriolisresponse
4.Experimentaldeterminationofthethresholdvoltage
5.Closedloopparametricamplificationoftheprimarymode
5.1.Descriptionofcontrolcircuit
5.2.Measurementsofphasesandamplitudesbyorthogonaldemodulationmethod
5.3.Phasetrackingoftheprimarymodeunderparametricexcitation
5.4.Amplitudeandparametricgaincontroloftheprimarymode
6.ControllerrealizationinDSP
7.Experimentalresultsfortheprimarymodeunderclosedloopcontrol
8.OpenloopparametricamplificationoftheCoriolisresponse
8.1.Sensingalgorithms
8.2.ExperimentalresultsforparametricamplificationoftheCoriolisresponse
8.2.1.AmplificationoftheCoriolisresponse
8.2.2.Amplificationofthesignaltonoiseratio
9.Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Vitae
Purchase
$35.95
210
EstimatingnutrientreleasesfromagricultureinChina:
Anextendedsubstanceflowanalysisframeworkandamodelingtool
ScienceofTheTotalEnvironment,Volume408,Issue21,1October2010,Pages5123-5136
M.Chen,J.Chen,F.Sun
Supplementarycontent
AgriculturerelatedpollutionhasattractedtheattentionofpolicymakersaswellasscientistsinChinaasitscontributiontowaterimpairmenthasincreased,andquantitativeinformationatthenationalandregionallevelsisbeingsoughttosupportdecisionmaking.However,traditionalapproachesareeithertime-consuming,expensive(e.g.nationalsurveys)oroversimplifiedandcrude(e.g.coefficientmethods).Therefore,thisstudyproposedanextendedsubstanceflowanalysis(SFA)frameworktoestimatenutrientreleasesfromagriculturalandruralactivitiesinChinabydepictingthenutrientflowsinChineseagro-ecosystems.Thesix-stepprocessproposedhereinincludes:
(a)systemdefinition;
(b)modeldevelopment;
(c)databasedevelopment;
(d)modelvalidation;
(e)resultsinterpretation;
and(f)uncertaintyanalysis.ThedevelopedEubolism(ElementaryUnitbasednutrientBalancemOdeLInginagro-ecoSysteM)modelcombinedanutrientbalancemodulewithanemissioninventorymoduletoquantifythenutrientflowsintheagro-ecosystem.Themodelwasvalidatedandthenappliedtoestimatethetotalagriculturalnutrientloads,identifythecontributionofdifferentagriculturalandruralactivitiesanddifferentlandusetypestothetotalloads,andanalyzethespatialpatternofagriculturalnutrientemissionsinChina.Theseresultscouldprovideanentirepictureofagriculturalpollutionatthenationallevelandbeusedtosupportpolicymaking.Furthermore,uncertaintiesassociatedwiththestructureoftheelementaryunits,spatialresolution,andinputs/parameterswerealsoanalyzedtoevaluatetherobustnessofthemodelresults.
2.TheextendedSFAframeworkandmodelingtool
2.1.Systemdefinition
2.2.Modeldevelopment
2.2.1.Modelconceptualization
2.2.2.Processesandequations
2.3.Databasedevelopment
2.4.Modelvalidation
2.5.Resultsinterpretation
2.6.Uncertaintyanalysis
2.7.UncertaintyofEUstructure
2.7.1.Uncertaintyofspatialaggregation
2.7.2.Uncertaintyofinputs/parameters
3.Resultsanddiscussion
3.1.Modelvalidation
3.2.Modelresultsandimplications
3.2.1.Totalandarea-specificagriculturalnutrientloads
3.2.2.Compositionofagriculturalnutrientloads
3.2.3.Agriculturalnutrientexportloadsandintensities
3.2.4.SpatialpatternsofagriculturalnutrientemissionsinChina
3.3.Modeluncertainties
3.3.1.UncertaintyoftheEUstructure
3.3.2.Uncertaintyofspatialaggregation
3.3.3.Uncertaintyofinputs/parameters
4.Conclusion
AppendixA.Supplementarydata
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211
ThestateofsolarenergyresourceassessmentinChile
RenewableEnergy,Volume35,Issue11,November2010,Pages2514-2524
AlbertoOrtega,RodrigoEscobar,SergioColle,SamuelLunadeAbreu
TheChileangovernmenthasdeterminedthatarenewableenergyquotaofupto10%oftheelectricalenergygeneratedmustbemetby2024.Thisplanhasalreadysparkedinterestinwind,geothermal,hydroandbiomasspowerplantsinordertointroducerenewableenergysystemstothecountry.Solarenergyisbeingconsideredonlyfordemonstration,small-scaleCSPplantsandfordomesticwaterheatingapplications.Thisapparentlackofinterestinsolarenergyispartlyduetotheabsenceofavalidsolarenergydatabase,adequateforenergysystemsimulationandplanningactivities.Oneoftheavailablesolarradiationdatabasesis20–40yearsold,withmeasurementstakenbypyranographsandCampbell–Stokesdevices.AseconddatabasefromtheChileanMeteorologicalServiceiscomposedbypyranometerreadings,sparselydistributedalongthecountryandavailablefrom1988,withanumberofthesestationsoperatingintermittently.TheChileangovernmentthroughitsNationalEnergyCommission(CNE)hascontractedtheformulationofasimulationmodelandalsothedeploymentofnetworkofmeasurementstationsinnorthernChile.Recenteffortsbytheauthorshaveresultedinapreliminaryassessmentbysatelliteimageprocessing.Here,wecomparetheexistingdatabasesofsolarradiationinChile.Monthlymeansolarenergymapsarecreatedfromgroundmeasurementsandsatelliteestimationsandcompared.Itisfoundthatsignificantdeviationexistsbetweensources,andthatallground-stationmeasurementsdisplayunknownuncertaintylevels,thushighlightingtheneedforaproper,country-widelong-termresourceassessmentinitiative.However,thesolarenergylevelsthroughoutthecountry
canbeconsideredashigh,anditisthoughtthattheyareadequateforenergyplanningactivities–althoughnotyetforproperpowerplantdesignanddimensioning.
1.Introduction
1.1.Renewableenergypotential
2.Solarradiationmeasurements
2.1.Availableground-stationdata
2.1.1.Nationalsolarimetricarchive
2.1.2.Meteorologicalservicedata
2.1.3.CNE-GTZgroundstation
2.1.4.Weathersimulationmodel
2.2.Satelliteestimationofsurfaceradiation
2.3.Comparisonbetweenground-stationdataandsatelliteestimations
2.4.Timeseries
3.Conclusions
212
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A.Kaiser,S.Foghmoes,C.Chatzichristodoulou,M.Sø
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